Neuromorphic computing is an approach to processor design that mimics the structure and function of biological neural networks, using analog circuits and spiking patterns instead of traditional digital logic. Unlike conventional computers that separate memory and processing (the Von Neumann architecture), neuromorphic chips perform computation directly within memory arrays, eliminating the data-transfer bottleneck that limits modern AI efficiency.

The practical significance is energy efficiency. Traditional deep learning models consume enormous power during both training and inference. Data centers running AI workloads consume megawatts of electricity. Brain-inspired chips target the efficiency of biological neurons, which process information using approximately 20 watts for the entire human brain. This efficiency advantage makes neuromorphic computing critical for edge AI applications, autonomous systems, and sustainable AI infrastructure.