Is AI really “end-to-end”—or is that just a comforting illusion? In this episode of AnthroIntelligence: Culture, Cognition, and Code, I unpack a simple but overlooked truth: every AI workflow still begins and ends with a human being. From defining the task and setting boundaries to interpreting consequences and carrying accountability, humans remain the anchors of every so-called automated system.

AI may accelerate the middle—the pattern-finding, the drafting, the prediction—but meaning, purpose, and judgment never leave human hands. The real risk isn’t that machines will turn into Skynet. It’s that we forget how deeply these systems still depend on us.

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