In Romans 4 & 5, Paul highlights Abraham’s faith, David’s experience of forgiveness, and Adam’s failure—all pointing to the hope, grace, and new life we have in Christ. His message is clear: righteousness can’t be earned by good works or religious effort; it comes only through faith in Jesus. Notes & Questions Romans 4 Summary: Abraham was justified by faith before circumcision; salvation is through faith, not works. (Genesis 15:6 — “And he believed the Lord, and he counted it to him as righteousness.”) Cultural Note: Abraham – The ultimate Jewish ancestor; Paul’s example undercuts ritual-based salvation. Fact: Using Abraham dismantled arguments for salvation by ritual. Application: Trust God’s promises over your own performance. Questions: Why do you think Paul uses Abraham as the ultimate example of faith? What’s the significance of Abraham’s faith coming before circumcision? How does this challenge a “religion = rules” mindset? When has God called you to trust Him before you saw results? Romans 5 Summary: Through Adam came sin; through Christ comes life; grace is greater than sin. Cultural Note: Adam – In Jewish thought, Adam’s failure started human brokenness; Christ reverses it. Fact: “Peace with God” contrasts Rome’s military-enforced “Pax Romana.” Application: Live from God’s peace instead of anxiety. Questions: How is peace with God different from peace in the world? What does it mean that grace is greater than sin? How does understanding Adam’s role help us appreciate Christ’s work? When have you seen God bring good out of a hard situation?