
The construction industry continues to face persistent challenges including inefficiencies, schedule delays, and high injury rates, despite significant advancements in digital technologies. While simulation and gamification approaches have shown promising results in improving efficiency, safety, and collaboration across various sectors, their integration within lean construction practices remains largely unexplored territory. Simulation methods such as Building Information Modeling (BIM), Discrete Event Simulation (DES), Virtual Reality (VR), and emerging Digital Twin technologies offer powerful tools for predictive modeling and decision-making support.