In this issue, we trace the fascinating evolution of atrial fibrillation (AF) therapy — from the Cox Maze procedure to Haïssaguerre’s discovery of pulmonary vein ectopy, through Pappone’s wide antral isolation, and onward to the era of pulse field ablation (PFA).

We explore how ablation technologies have transformed — radiofrequency, cryo, and PFA — yet the success rates remain stubbornly static. Why do some ablations fail? Are we reaching the limits of substrate modification, or simply targeting the wrong mechanisms?

Join Dr. Sharma as he dissects the mechanistic layers of ablation failure — from pulmonary vein reconnection and atrial substrate remodeling to inflammation, fibrosis, and autonomic imbalance. The discussion looks ahead to next-generation strategies that may redefine success in AF therapy.

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