This is H5N1 Global Scan: Avian Flu Worldwide, your three-minute international focus podcast.

In 2025, avian influenza H5N1 has remained a persistent and evolving global challenge. Originally detected in wild aquatic birds and first infecting humans during the 1997 Hong Kong outbreak, H5N1 has since spread across every continent except Australia, affecting both wild and domestic birds, as well as a worrying range of mammals.

Let’s break it down by region. In the Americas, the Pan American Health Organization has recorded over five thousand outbreaks since 2022, with 19 countries impacted and rare but serious human cases, mostly linked to direct contact with infected animals. The United States has reported infections not only in poultry but also in dairy cows and, more recently, in people exposed to livestock. According to the CDC, the U.S. recorded dozens of human cases in 2025, many tied to dairy herds and poultry operations.

Looking at Asia, countries like Cambodia, Bangladesh, India, and China continue to see the greatest human risk. European outbreaks are ongoing, particularly affecting wild birds and the poultry industry. In Oceania, Australia has so far avoided large-scale H5N1 outbreaks, though surveillance remains intense. Meanwhile, recent detection in Antarctica and major wildlife losses in South America underscore the virus’s expanding ecological reach.

Outbreaks have devastated poultry industries globally, with the World Organization for Animal Health reporting millions of birds culled and significant trade suspensions, as seen in South America and Southeast Asia. Trade bans ripple through local economies, affecting farmers, exporters, and sometimes resulting in food insecurity.

Now, on the research front, international collaboration has intensified in response to H5N1’s threat. The World Health Organization has led on surveillance and pandemic preparedness. Recent research in Europe and North America has focused on understanding the virus’s adaptation to mammals, especially after outbreaks in seals, elephants seals in the Southern Hemisphere, and domesticated cattle. According to the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, the current predominant strain, clade 2.3.4.4b, continues to evolve, raising pandemic concerns.

WHO and FAO stress the need for global coordination, pushing countries to strengthen “One Health” approaches that integrate animal, human, and environmental health. Both agencies emphasize vigilance for unusual patterns, rapid information sharing, and investment in early detection.

On containment, responses differ sharply. China and Vietnam employ extensive culling and live market regulation, while the United States and the European Union focus on strict farm biosecurity and targeted culls. Trade responses vary by region, with some nations imposing export bans and others prioritizing carefully monitored movement of animals and animal products.

Vaccine development is a bright spot. Several candidate vaccines are in use for poultry, while human vaccines are advancing in clinical trials. The challenge remains matching vaccine strains to circulating viruses amid rapid viral evolution, but experts highlight significant progress compared to previous decades.

Cross-border animal movement and wild bird migration continue to drive international spread. Consequently, the global community is investing in cross-border surveillance, real-time data sharing, and rapid response units, but resource disparities between regions complicate a truly unified approach.

The H5N1 story is far from over, with vigilance, science, and international partnership key to staying ahead. Thanks for tuning in to H5N1 Global Scan: Avian Flu Worldwide. Come back next week for the latest international developments. This has been a Quiet Please production, and for more, check out Quiet Please Dot AI.

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