Moderator: “With the emergence of religious codes, modesty became central to many cultures. How did this shift redefine social norms?"
Responder: “As religious and social structures evolved, the regulation of dress became increasingly significant in both medieval Europe and the Islamic world. Modesty codes became central to expressions of faith, morality and societal hierarchy, influencing cultural norms that persist today. While early religious movements sometimes embraced nudity as a form of spiritual purity, these practices were gradually suppressed as institutionalised religious authorities solidified their power.”
Responder: “In early centuries of the Jesus Movement, certain sects practiced ritual nudity as a sign of spiritual rebirth and divine innocence. Some Gnostic Christian groups and ascetic sects engaged in nude baptisms, symbolising the stripping away of sin and worldly corruption. However, as the Catholic and Orthodox Churches gained dominance, these practices were increasingly marginalised, and nudity became associated with heresy and deviancy. Over time, Christian doctrine emphasised modesty, and religious art reflected an increasing preference for clothed figures, even in depictions of biblical narratives.”
Responder: “With rise of Mohammedism in 7th century CE, modesty norms were codified as part of religious and legal traditions. The Quran and Hadith emphasised modest attire for both men and women, though interpretations varied widely depending on region and culture. By the medieval period, Islamic societies had imposed stricter dress codes, particularly for women, as a means of enforcing gender roles and social stratification. The veil, once a symbol of aristocracy and refinement, became a widespread requirement in many Islamic cultures, reinforcing the division between public and private life.
Modesty was also enforced through architectural and legal means. In many Islamic cities, separate spaces for men and women became more pronounced, and clothing regulations were upheld by religious authorities. However, variations existed, with some regions embracing more relaxed interpretations of modesty, particularly in Andalusian Spain and parts of Persia.”
Responder: “During the Middle Ages, European societies saw an increasing emphasis on modesty, with religious institutions dictating acceptable dress and behaviour. The medieval Church reinforced the idea that the naked body was linked to sin and moral weakness. This shift led to strict regulation of public baths, which had been common in Roman times but came to be seen as centres of vice and corruption.
Sumptuary laws further dictated what people could wear based on their social status, reinforcing class distinctions. While peasants often wore practical, less restrictive clothing, nobility and clergy adhered to elaborate and modest attire that signified their status and piety. By late medieval period, nudity had become a taboo subject, reserved only for depictions of biblical figures in moments of suffering or shame, such as Adam and Eve’s expulsion from Eden. The cultural shift toward modesty set the stage for centuries of evolving dress norms in both religious and secular life.”