4. Desert Minimalism

Moderator: “In the scorching deserts of Egypt, clothing was often a luxury rather than a necessity. How did Egyptian culture view the human body?”

Responder: “In the civilisation of Ancient Egypt, clothing - or the lack thereof - played an essential role in defining social status, profession and religious significance. Whilst a ruling elite adorned themselves with elaborate garments, jewellery and headdresses, nudity remained common among children, labourers and servants. In Egypt’s hot desert climate, practicality often took precedence over modesty, leading to a culture where minimal clothing was the norm for much of the population.”

• Moderator: “How was clothing used to signify power and hierarchy?”

Responder: “Pharaohs, priests and members of the upper class wore finely woven linen garments, pleated kilts and intricate robes, often accompanied by ornate jewellery and wigs. These luxurious fabrics - typically made from linen derived from flax - symbolised purity, wealth and power. By contrast, the working class - including farmers, builders, and craftsmen - often wore simple loincloths or remained nude, a testament to the practical need for comfort in Egypt’s scorching climate.

Children, regardless of class, typically went without clothing until puberty. This was not viewed as indecent but rather as a natural and expected stage of life. Women of lower status also commonly wore little clothing, often donning only simple skirts or beaded belts, emphasising the culture’s pragmatic approach to dress.”

• Moderator: “What role did nudity play in ancient religious practices?”

Responder: “In Ancient Egyptian art, nudity was often used symbolically to convey themes of creation, purity and divine power, particularly in depictions of gods and mythological figures. For instance, creator god Atum was occasionally portrayed nude in mythological contexts to emphasise self-creation and birth of the cosmos, highlighting primordial energy in the unclothed human form. Similarly, sun god Ra, though typically depicted clothed, was sometimes associated with nudity in symbolic terms, representing life-giving energy of the sun and cosmic importance.

The Amarna Period, led by Pharaoh Akhenaten and Queen Nefertiti, introduced a radical shift in Egyptian art and religious thought, breaking with many traditional norms. Among these changes was the portrayal of Nefertiti in unprecedentedly intimate and sometimes nude forms, as in statues found at Tell el-Amarna. Nudity in these depictions may symbolise fertility, femininity and divine connection to the Aten (the sun disk) and even a political message of body freedom, reflecting Nefertiti's status as a co-ruler and spiritual leader.

The practice of ritual nudity also extended to priests and temple ceremonies. Some temple rites required participants to remove their clothing as a form of purification, reflecting the belief that the human body, unadorned, was a vessel for spiritual connection.”