Queen Ranavalona I ruled Madagascar for more than three decades through fear, isolation, and uncompromising authority. Rising from relative obscurity after the sudden death of her husband, she seized the throne by eliminating the rightful heirs and consolidating power with ruthless efficiency. Her reign was marked by violent suppression of Christianity, devastating military campaigns against coastal rivals like the Sakalava, widespread forced labor, and the deadly use of poison trials that claimed tens of thousands of lives. While her policies preserved Madagascar’s independence during a peak era of European imperialism, they also led to severe population decline and immense human suffering. Ranavalona remains one of history’s most polarizing rulers — a protector of sovereignty to some, and a tyrant whose legacy is written in blood to others.