The 1965 Indo-Pakistan War began with Pakistan's Operation Gibraltar—a covert mission to infiltrate Kashmir and incite insurgency against Indian rule. When local Kashmiris largely rejected these infiltrators, Pakistan launched Operation Grand Slam, a conventional military thrust aimed at cutting the vital Jammu-Srinagar highway. India responded by crossing the international border near Lahore, dramatically escalating the conflict beyond Kashmir. What followed included the largest tank battle since World War II at Chawinda and widespread fighting along the border. After three weeks of intense combat, Soviet-mediated negotiations led to the Tashkent Declaration in January 1966, with both sides withdrawing to pre-war positions. The conflict hardened national narratives, transformed military thinking on both sides, and reinforced Pakistan's sense of vulnerability beside its larger neighbor, setting the stage for future confrontations.
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