Global Burden and Strategies for Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD)

Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of irreversible vision loss among older adults worldwide. Its prevalence is increasing rapidly due to global population aging. AMD affects the macula, the central part of the retina responsible for detailed vision, and exists in two main forms: dry (atrophic) and wet (neovascular). While dry AMD progresses slowly, wet AMD causes faster and more severe vision loss. Coordinated action through policy, technology, and lifestyle is essential to reduce its growing public health and economic burden.

Global Trends and Regional Disparities

AMD affects about 8.7% of the global population. In 2020, approximately 196 million people were affected, projected to rise to 288 million by 2040. Early AMD comprises most cases, but late AMD accounts for the majority of severe vision loss.

• Asia: By 2040, Asia will have the highest burden—113 million cases, nearly one-third of global totals and over half of all late AMD.
• Europe: The second most affected region, projected at 69 million cases by 2040 and 77 million by 2050, including 11.7 million late AMD. Currently, about 25% of Europeans 60+ have early/intermediate AMD and 2.4% have late disease, totaling 67 million people.
• Other Regions: By 2040, Africa and Latin America/Caribbean will each reach 39 million cases, while North America will reach 25 million.
• Ethnic Variation: Populations of European ancestry have higher AMD prevalence, particularly for geographic atrophy (GA), rising sharply after age 75.
• Treatment Inequality: Limited access to costly anti-angiogenic therapies in Asia, Africa, and Latin Americaworsens global disparities.

Strategic Mitigation: Technology, Policy, and Lifestyle

1. Technology and Innovation

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is transforming AMD management by improving detection, classification, and prognosis. AI-assisted retinal imaging and telemedicine will expand access, enhance accuracy, and support early intervention—critical for preventing advanced disease. Integrating these tools into healthcare systems will improve efficiency and reach.

2. Policy and Health System Strengthening

AMD prevention must be part of national and regional healthy aging strategies. Policymakers should expand early screening, establish macular disease registries, and increase public awareness, as knowledge remains low in many countries. Early diagnosis helps maintain independence and quality of life for older adults. International collaboration is needed to ensure equitable access to vision care worldwide.

3. Lifestyle and Nutrition

Education on modifiable risk factors is vital:

• Quit smoking (up to 4× higher AMD risk).
• Exercise and maintain a healthy weight, as high BMI accelerates progression.
• Eat leafy greens, fruits, and foods high in vitamins C and E, lutein, and zeaxanthin to protect the macula.
• Include omega-3 fatty acids (from fish and plant oils) to support vascular and retinal health.
• Saffron, rich in crocin and crocetin, offers neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory benefits. Clinical studies show saffron supplementation can improve visual function and slow AMD progression. Evidence-based nutrient formulations combining these compounds are recommended for those with intermediate AMD to reduce progression risk.

Conclusion

AMD’s rapid rise demands urgent global action. Integrating AI-driven screening, stronger health policies, and public education on nutrition and lifestyle can substantially reduce future disease burden. Early awareness, prevention, and the right nutritional support will empower millions to preserve their sight and independence.

Protecting vision through prevention, innovation, and healthy living is the path to a brighter future.