Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a respiratory virus belonging to the Paramyxoviridae family, closely related to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Discovered in 2001, it is a common cause of upper and lower respiratory tract infections across all age groups but is particularly severe in vulnerable populations, such as young children, the elderly, and individuals with weakened immune systems.

HMPV spreads through respiratory droplets, direct contact with contaminated surfaces, or close contact with infected individuals. Symptoms typically include cough, nasal congestion, shortness of breath, fever, and, in severe cases, wheezing or bronchitis. In immunocompromised individuals—such as those undergoing chemotherapy, transplant recipients, or those with autoimmune conditions—HMPV can lead to more severe complications, including pneumonia, respiratory failure, or secondary bacterial infections.

The lack of specific antiviral treatments or vaccines for HMPV heightens the risk for these groups. Management relies on supportive care, including oxygen therapy and vigilant monitoring for complications. Preventative measures, such as rigorous hand hygiene, wearing masks, and minimizing exposure to symptomatic individuals, are critical to reducing transmission.

Due to its potential for severe outcomes in immunocompromised individuals, early recognition and intervention are essential. Awareness of HMPV's impact can aid in improving health outcomes and guiding public health measures.