This episode takes you inside the engine room of modern finance — the world of financial institutions. We break down how banks, insurance firms, mutual funds, and hedge funds actually work, what distinguishes each one, and how they navigate the web of regulation that keeps the system stable. You’ll learn how financial institutions manage risks that can make or break economies — from interest rate and credit risk to market, operational, and foreign exchange risks. We also unpack the sophisticated tools they use to stay ahead, like derivatives, loan sales, and securitization. If you’ve ever wondered how money moves safely through an unpredictable global system, this episode reveals the structure, strategy, and science behind it.