Unpacking America's Persistent Inequalities This episode reviews Chapter Five of American economist and economic historian Peter Temin’s The Vanishing Middle Class. Temin examines the historical and ongoing impact of “racecraft” and gender discrimination in the United States, beginning with the experiences of economist W. Arthur Lewis to introduce the concept of an ingrained American racial system. He argues that while race lacks a scientific basis, it has functioned as a powerful social construct to justify inequality since the colonial era—evolving from the criminalization of witchcraft to systemic exclusion through Jim Crow laws, the War on Drugs, and entrenched economic disadvantages. The chapter also compares the struggles for bodily integrity and civil rights faced by Black Americans and women, showing how both groups have been denied full personhood and subjected to persistent discrimination, from voting restrictions to unequal access to justice and healthcare. Ultimately, Temin illustrates how these interlocking systems of prejudice have shaped American politics, society, and economic structures, producing enduring disparities that affect not only Black Americans and women but also many immigrant communities.