An extensive historical and tactical analysis of the Indian Army's role during World War II in the Western theatre, particularly in Eritrea, East Africa, North Africa, and Italy. The primary focus is on how the colonial force adapted its pre-war "Small War" mountain techniques to engage in large-scale conventional warfare, battling both Italian and German forces. The analysis details key battles, such as those in Abyssinia, the Western Desert campaigns against Rommel, and the piercing of the Gustav and Gothic Lines in Italy. Overall, the chapter examines the operational, tactical, and technological evolution of the Indian Army under the pressures of modern conflict, demonstrating its increasing military effectiveness and crucial contribution to Allied victory.