Welcome to this episode of Trending Echoes Podcast, hosted by Rahaf Al-Khazraji from the Frankfurt Book Fair. Today, we’re joined by Dr. Ralph Thiele, Chairman of the Political-Military Society in Germany, for an in-depth discussion on hybrid threats and disruptive technologies. Dr. Thiele explains that hybrid threats—combinations of cyber attacks, misinformation, and exploitation of societal vulnerabilities—have gained momentum since the Arab Spring, circumventing traditional borders to destabilize governments. He notes that innovations like AI and autonomous systems enable remote attacks, adding layers of complexity to defense efforts. Disruptive technologies, such as 5G and AI, intensify hybrid warfare, effectively blurring lines between peace and conflict. For example, real-time communication systems and autonomous drones deployed in Ukraine illustrate how these tools can be leveraged aggressively. Highlighting the importance of education, Dr. Thiele commends Gulf nations for their progressive security approaches, stressing that young people need strong, relevant training to counter evolving threats. Effective defense requires situational awareness and coordinated security strategies, supported by collaboration between diplomatic, military, and cyber forces. Dr. Thiele argues that well-trained professionals are crucial, but funding limitations can hinder readiness, underscoring the broader societal risks involved. On ethics, Dr. Thiele calls for a robust moral framework around disruptive tech use in warfare, which he notes is underdeveloped globally. He illustrates this with examples from Russia, China, and Iran, which employ hybrid tactics—such as satellite hacks in Ukraine and economic disruption in Western Europe—to exert influence. He urges strategic investment in technology and expertise, advocating for a cultural shift toward awareness. Building this capacity, he concludes, is essential for future resilience against hybrid threats.