This 2025 literature review synthesizes significant advancements in treating and monitoring multiple sclerosis and related autoimmune central nervous system disorders. The text highlights breakthrough clinical trials for Bruton’s tyrosine kinase inhibitors, such as tolebrutinib and fenebrutinib, which offer new hope for slowing disability in progressive disease phenotypes. Beyond pharmaceuticals, the source examines the long-term success of stem cell transplants and the clinical utility of multi-protein serum tests for tracking neuroinflammation. It further explores specialized research into MOGAD and cognitive fatigue, advocating for more precise diagnostic frameworks and individualized patient care. Collectively, these documents illustrate a major shift toward precision medicine through the integration of novel biomarkers and real-world evidence.