Eskom offers more details on envisaged roles for the NTCSA and the TSO
Eskom has provided further details on the distinctive roles it envisages being performed by the National Transmission Company South Africa (NTCSA) in relation to the transmission system when compared with the yet-to-be-established Transmission System Operator (TSO).
Under a newly approved unbundling framework, the NTCSA is set to remain a wholly owned subsidiary of Eskom Holdings and retain ownership of the transmission system assets, while the TSO will be established as a new State-owned Company outside of Eskom Holdings.
The TSO is expected to be the transmitter, the system and market operator, the central purchasing agency, and have responsibility for ancillary services such as frequency control and voltage regulation.
The Electricity Regulation Amendment Act, which came into force in early 2025, set a five-year timeframe for the creation of the independent TSO, which is seen as important for levelling the grid-access playing field in a future competitive electricity supply industry.
Statements released by Eskom and the NTCSA pointed to a potential overlap in responsibilities for the grid, however.
In the Eskom statement it was indicated that besides owning the grid assets, the NTCSA would be responsible for expanding the high-voltage transmission grid and rolling-out the Transmission Development Plan (TDP).
In the NTCSA statement, it was indicated that the TSO would develop and execute the TDP, maintain and operate the transmission grid, and provide non-discriminatory access to that grid to all market participants.
In a response to an Engineering News enquiry seeking clarity on which entity was responsible for maintaining and operating the grid, Eskom said that the NTCSA would remain the licensed, regulated owner of the transmission assets within the Eskom group and would be responsible for financing, constructing and maintaining the physical grid, including the build associated with the TDP.
The independent TSO, meanwhile, would perform what Eskom described as the functional 'transmitter' role: it will develop and approve the TDP, operate the power system, run the wholesale market, act as the central purchasing agency and provide non-discriminatory access to the grid for all market participants.
The NTCSA, it added, would implement the TSO's plan through regulated and arm's-length commercial arrangements, with the National Energy Regulator of South Africa overseeing both entities' licences and conduct.
"The apparent overlap arises because both descriptions refer to the same value chain, but from different angles.
"The TSO will decide what grid is needed, where and when, and will manage system and market operations; the NTCSA will be responsible for building, owning and maintaining that grid in line with the TSO's plan.
"These complementary roles will be formally codified in legislation, licences and commercial agreements to avoid duplication and ensure clear accountability," Eskom explained in a response to Engineering News.

The National Transmission Company South Africa (NTCSA) reports that it remains open to finding a solution for the Mozal aluminium smelter. But it also insists that any new electricity supply agreement with the Mozambican facility should safeguard its financial stability and protect South African electricity consumers from unintended costs.
In a statement following an announcement by South32 that Mozal would be placed into care and maintenance when a 20-year electricity deal expired on March 15, the Eskom Holdings subsidiary indicated that Mozal required an electricity price that was "significantly lower than the direct cost of supply".
CEO Monde Bala said such an arrangement was not sustainable for the NTCSA, while also noting that the Negotiated Price Agreement (NPA) policy mechanism, which allows electricity intensive companies to apply to the regulator for discounted tariffs, did not extend beyond South Africa's borders.
"As such, a mutually beneficial solution, developed collaboratively with stakeholders in both Mozambique and South Africa, is essential to support regional industrial activity, while ensuring the NTCSA's financial sustainability and fairness to South African electricity consumers," Bala added.
Nevertheless, he also said the NTCSA remained available to find an "appropriate price range for the supply of electricity to secure a new supply agreement with our valued customer".
On December 16, South32 CEO Graham Kerr indicated that the parties remained deadlocked on an appropriate electricity price, and that its attention had thus turned to safely placing the smelter on care and maintenance from March 2026.
The Mozal announcement comes amid moves in South Africa to salvage ferrochrome smelting capacity at risk of closure as a result of electricity prices that have surged over the past decade and a half.
Electricity and Energy Minister Dr Kgosientsho Ramokgopa indicated on December 15 that negotiations were under way in a bid to find a way to deliver electricity at a "sweet spot" of between 60c/kWh and 70c/kWh.
This, after Glencore-Merafe Chrome Venture and Samancor Chrome, which had both initiated retrenchment processes at some of their operations, rejected an offer of 87c/kWh and indicated that the current NPA price of 135c/kWh had made the South African smelters uncompetitive with those in China, despite the price being well below the normal tariff of 212c/kWh.
Moneyweb reports that Ramokgopa had stated that the deal could cost R5.2-billion to implement, but did not indicate how it would be funded.
On December 8, Eskom signed a memorandum of understanding (MoU) with Samancor Chrome and the Glencore-Merafe Chrome Venture in a bid to finalise an electricity tariff solution that prevented the closure of additional smelting capacity and averted the threat of widespread job cuts in the sector.
Under the MoU, the companies have set a deadline of February 28, 2026, for reaching a pricing agreement.
It is understood that there is a proposal to set up an entity that buys low-cost coal to be used by some Eskom power stations, which will pass on the pricing benefits to the ferrochrome smelters in the form of discounted tariffs.
The idea is to use the lower tariffs to revive domestic smelting without burdening the rest of Eskom's standard-tariff customers, which have hitherto absorbed the costs of NPAs.

South Africa has named seven pre-qualified bidders from an initial list of 17 respondents to the prequalification phase of the country's inaugural independent transmission project (ITP) programme, a request for proposals (RfP) for which will be launched in the second half of 2026.
The companies have been prequalified to bid to build 1 164-km of powerlines and associated substation infrastructure across seven preselected corridors, and the projects are expected to have a combined investment value of about $1-billion.
Electricity and Energy Minister Dr Kgosientsho Ramokgopa confirmed that all of the prequalified consortia are led by international companies that were able to prove prior experience in building such projects elsewhere.
Such experience was a criteria included in the request for qualification (RfQ) documentation, which has been criticised for excluding local companies.
Ramokgopa promised, however, that subsequent ITP procurement phases would include majority South African project owners, while South African and black empowerment equity participation was still a qualifying criteria for the inaugural bid window.
Efforts would also be made to ensure local content even during the first phase in line with localisation designations approved by the South African government, as well as to ensure the participation of local construction, operations and maintenance companies.
No clarity was provided as to what legal framework would be used to enforce the designations, however.
It was also confirmed that price would be the main evaluation criteria.
Ramokgopa insisted that South African participation would be progressively increased in subsequent phases, as government had identified the multidecade grid roll-out as a major industrialisation opportunity for the country.
The seven companies eligible to participate in the RfP phase were identified as:
the Adani Power Middle East-Momentous Energy Consortium, led by Adani Power Middle East Limited, based in the United Arab Emirates; the AREF Cobra Transmission Consortium, led by the South African arm of Grupo Cobra, of Spain;Consortium Pulse Infrastructure, led by Celeo Redes, of Spain;the EITP Consortium, led by Okavango Projects SA;the State Grid Consortium, led by the State Grid International Development Company, of China;The Hyperion Consortium, led by the South African arm of French multinational EDF; andthe Transmission Africa Consortium, led by China Southern Power Grid International.
The seven prequalified companies all responded to the RfQ launched on July 31, 2025, with a response submission date of September 23, 2025.
The evaluation process, conducted by an independent bid evaluation committee, took place at the IPP Office, which has been mandated to oversee the inaugural bid window.
Ramokgopa said the ITP programme formed part of a drive to expand, modernise and strengthen South Africa's transmission network through sustained private sector participation.
However, he also stressed that the National Transmission Company South Africa, which is set to remain an Eskom Holding subsidiary, was also continuing to build grid infrastructure in line with the Transmission Development Plan (TDP).
The ten-year TDP envisages the construction of 14 500 km of new powerlines and 133 000 MVA of additional transformers by 2034 at an estimated cost of more than R400-billion.
The RfP for the initial ITP projects has also been delayed to coincide with the launch of a new Credit Guarantee Vehicle (CGV), which will enable the projects to proceed in the absence of National Treasury guarantees.
The CGV, which will be a private non-life insurance company, regulated by the Prudential Authority, is scheduled to be launched in July 2026, with the National Treasury having already announced that it will inject seed equity of R2-billion into the vehicle, giving it a minority shareholding.
The balance of the equity is expected to be source from development finance institutions with the timing of its lau...

Engineering News editor Terence Creamer discusses the approval of a revised unbundling plan for Eskom and the potentially far-reaching implications for both the State-owned company and the framework governing the transition to a more competitive market structure,

As the sun sets on 2025, South Africa's long-awaited recovery is becoming visible like the first sliver of a waxing crescent days after a new moon.
While still modest, the 0.5% GDP expansion in the third quarter represents the longest period (four consecutive quarters) of sustained growth by the South African economy since Covid.
The performance followed the decision by S&P Global to upgrade South Africa's credit rating in November; the first upgrade in 20 years, a period during which the country's rating fell to a sub-investment grade (from which it is yet to recover) amid State capture, extreme loadshedding and a collapse in confidence and investment.
The upgrade was announced days after a solid Medium-Term Budget Policy Statement performance by the National Treasury and days before South Africa's successful hosting of the G20 Leaders' Summit.
The gloss has been taken off somewhat by the petty behaviour of President Donald Trump in attempting to exclude South Africa from the G20 in Miami and wipe out any digital trace of the Johannesburg event.
Nevertheless, the gathering showed that many governments around the world are wary of the ongoing dismantling of a rules-based multilateralist system in favour of transactional dealmaking, particularly as multipolarity starts to define the emerging order.
It also provided the stage for some European leaders to begin pushing back against the US. This, after it became apparent during the summit that Trump's unilateral peace plan for Ukraine and Russia was heavily weighted in favour of Russia.
Having seen the 'crescent', however, will South Africans ever see the 'whole of the moon' mythologised in the classic 1980s song by the Waterboys?
In the South African context , that would imply growth of more than 3% for a sustained period so as to lay the basis for serious employment creation, as well as the revenue growth required to begin addressing the socioeconomic backlogs that continue to leave the majority of South Africans in dehumanising poverty.
Of course, growth alone will be insufficient.
Unless there is far better governance, resources will continue to be wasted, and services will not improve.
Without ethical political leaders and executive managers, corruption will continue to eat away at the pillars of democracy and make the threat of a Mafia State almost impossible to resist.
Without far better law enforcement, crime will continue to erode confidence and deter investment.
Nevertheless, without growth , it is going to be almost impossible to advance towards a more economically fair dispensation.
Growth remains a necessary ingredient for funding the soft and hard infrastructure required for the development of South Africa, as well as to begin truly aligning the lived reality of those who reside here with the rights-based vision of the Constitution.
The platform has been laid for higher growth by the progress made in tackling the confidence-sapping electricity and logistics crises and in stabilising the macroeconomic framework. Now is the time to truly build on that platform.

The National Automobile Dealers' Association (NADA) says there are growing signs of gains being made in the South African economy, despite the fact that several structural challenges remain.
According to the dealer body, these improvements could support increased confidence across the new-vehicle market going into 2026.
NADA chairperson Brandon Cohen says recent macroeconomic signals have been encouraging.
"We are seeing interest rates beginning to ease, rand volatility settling, and far greater operational stability from Eskom and Transnet.
"Alongside better-than-expected GDP performance, these factors are creating a more supportive environment for both consumers and businesses."
Cohen says dealers are reporting slightly improved consumer confidence, supported by more favourable financing conditions, even if consumers remain cautious about how they spend their money.
Stabilising economic indicators are also encouraging renewed interest from fleet buyers, while well-structured dealer incentives are helping to ease pressure on household budgets.
Cohen stresses, however, that these improvements need to be considered alongside ongoing challenges.
"Municipal deterioration, concerns around crime and law-enforcement effectiveness, as well as political uncertainty ahead of the 2026 municipal elections all continue to weigh on public sentiment."
Looking Towards 2026 While it is difficult to predict how the new year ahead will unfold, there are a number of developments, both locally and globally, that may influence sentiment and operating conditions as South Africa heads into the new year, says Cohen.
The first is South Africa's municipal elections, which may shape the public mood, as well as service-delivery priorities.
Within an arena that features new political parties and shifting political dynamics, the months leading up to the elections could influence overall sentiment.
US mid-term elections may also have an effect, as political outcomes in this major economy often ripple through global markets.
While the direct impact on South Africa is difficult to quantify, shifts in US policy and economic direction may influence global trade and investor confidence, notes Cohen.
Thirdly, as AI continues to expand rapidly across industries worldwide, it remains to be seen whether this cycle strengthens further or starts to level out.
Any shift in the pace of AI adoption could influence job structures and economic opportunities, particularly in developing markets, says Cohen.
Recent improvements in South Africa in terms of electricity stability, port performance and ratings-agency sentiment are encouraging, he adds. The question for 2026, however, is whether these gains are sufficiently sticky to support broader economic growth and job creation.
As for the influx of new models into the South African new-vehicle market, particularly from India and China, Cohen says the pace of new entries may begin to level out as the market adjusts to the increased variety.
"All of these shifts, both at home and internationally, highlight how many moving parts influence our environment.
"While nothing is guaranteed, there is room for cautious optimism if the current momentum continues."

The National Transmission Company South Africa (NTCSA), which is set to remain an Eskom Holdings subsidiary and owner of the transmission assets, has moved to explain the role of the yet-to-be-created Transmission System Operator (TSO) under the revised and newly endorsed unbundling strategy.
The strategy has been approved by Electricity and Energy Minister Dr Kgosientsho Ramokgopa and will see Eskom Holdings retain not only the NTCSA as a subsidiary, but also the National Electricity Distribution Company of South Africa, as well as an entity currently dubbed GenerationCo, which will hold its legacy generation assets, and a new Eskom Green subsidiary to house its renewable-energy business.
A separate TraderCo would also be set up by Eskom Holdings to operate alongside other licensed traders in a more open electricity market.
Under the strategy, which is expected to be fully implemented by 2030, the NTCSA will continue to own and expand the high-voltage transmission grid, and roll out the Transmission Development Plan (TDP) of some 14 000 km of new powerlines and associated grid infrastructure.
In a statement following the approval, NTCSA also sought to outline the responsibilities of the TSO, once it was set up as a new State-owned company outside of Eskom Holdings, but without the transmission assets.
As a transmitter, the TSO would develop and execute the TDP, maintain and operate the transmission grid, and provide nondiscriminatory access to that grid to all market participants, the NTCSA said.
As system operator, it would operate the integrated power system and balance supply and demand in real time.
As market operator, the TSO would establish and manage a transparent, nondiscriminatory electricity trading platform in compliance with market codes and rules issued by the National Energy Regulator of South Africa (Nersa), to ensure competitive trading between generators, traders and customers.
As the central purchasing agency, the NTCSA said the TSO would act as buyer of electricity from generators, including Eskom (through GenerationCo and Eskom Green) and independent power producers (IPPs), and facilitate power purchase agreements.
The other responsibilities of the TSO would be to support ancillary services such as frequency control and voltage regulation to maintain system reliability.
In keeping with separate statements issued by Eskom and Ramokgopa, the NTCSA said the revised unbundling strategy met the requirements of the Electricity Regulation Amendment Act, which came into force in early 2025 and which set a five-year timeframe for the establishment of an independent TSO.
NTCSA CEO Monde Bala insisted that the TSO would be fully independent of the NTCSA and Eskom Holdings and would provide transparent and unbiased access to the transmission network, under the regulatory oversight of Nersa.
"This will enable energy security and removes Eskom from the potential conflict of interest that may exist in relation to its dual role of being a generator and owner-operator of the transmission grid," Bala said.
Some initial concerns have been raised, however, about whether the approved model would decisively remove the conflict of interest associated with Eskom being the dominant generator while owning the grid; one that has been blamed for inadequate investment in strengthening and expanding the grid and the difficulties IPPs still have in securing connection agreements.
For their part, Ramokgopa and Eskom highlighted the financial and operational risks of unbundling the TSO with the transmission assets, with the Minister stating that the revised approach preserved the "financial stability of the Eskom Group by minimising disruptions to its highly leveraged balance sheet, thereby mitigating risks to both Eskom and national energy security".
Meanwhile, Eskom Holdings CEO Dan Marokane argued that the chosen framework would enable the "fastest and most orderly transition", while providing "strategic certainty for lenders and bo...

A new Eskom unbundling strategy, which uncouples the grid assets from the system operator role to be performed by a separate and yet-to-be-established transmission system operator (TSO), has been approved by Electricity and Energy Minister Dr Kgosientsho Ramokgopa.
Under the strategy, the National Transmission Company South Africa (NTCSA) will continue to own, expand and maintain the national grid and will also remain a subsidiary of Eskom Holdings.
In a statement, Ramokgopa said a legal and regulatory process would now be initiated for the creation of a fully independent TSO as envisaged in the Electricity Regulation Amendment Act (ERAA).
The TSO would perform the functions of system operations, market operation and central purchasing, while ensuring non-discriminatory access for market participants and enabling the emergence of a competitive wholesale electricity market.
The Minister said the proposed approach aimed to "preserve the financial stability of the Eskom Group by minimising disruptions to its highly leveraged balance sheet, thereby mitigating risks to both Eskom and national energy security".
The ERAA, which was passed in 2024 and came into force at the start of 2025, provides a five-year time horizon for the creation of an independent TSO; an entity seen as key to ensuring a level playing field between generators in a future competitive electricity supply industry.
Ramokgopa argued that the revised unbundling strategy was "meticulously aligned with the ERAA".
The decision follows much debate about the future structure of the TSO, with several commentators having argued in favour of the NTCSA's full separation from Eskom Holdings, with its assets, to form the new TSO.
However, Ramokgopa, who is also Eskom's shareholder Minister following the disbandment of the public enterprises ministry and department, has opted to support a different model; one that also has the support of the Eskom Holdings Board.
"Eskom is now poised to implement this refined strategy in a phased approach, ensuring careful management of financial and operational risks while developing the necessary skills, systems, and institutions for a competitive electricity market," the statement reads.

The South African Photovoltaic Industry Association (SAPVIA) says demand for solar PV in 2025 continued to recover from the 2024 slowdown, which followed on from the loadshedding-induced surge of 2023 when 2.4 GW of capacity was installed.
New installations contracted last year to about 1 GW, but have since recovered to above that level in 2025.
This, largely on the back of utility-scale private-offtake projects, the pipeline for which remains robust, with some 4 GW of new PV projects registered with the National Energy Regulator of South Africa (Nersa) in 2025, increasing overall renewables registrations to about 16 GW and with solar registrations standing at above 11 GW.
While not all registered projects will be converted into installations, SAPVIA CEO Dr Rethabile Melamu says the private-offtake pipeline, together with projects awarded under recent public procurement bidding rounds and a recovery in the embedded-generation market could result in yearly installations exceeding 3 GW in the coming few years.
Spokesperson Frank Spencer says the positive demand outlook is underpinned by the steep fall in PV costs, which is continuing to strengthen the competitiveness of solar installations in a context where tariffs for conventional electricity continue to rise.
Together with the fall in battery storage costs, Spencer believes there is also a growing incentive for microgrids, where solar is not only used during the day, but is stored in batteries for use during the evening peaks.
Deputy chairperson De Villiers Botha, who focuses primarily on the embedded generation market, argues that while PV installations reached grid parity in about 2015, there are signs that microgrid systems are also now at grid parity.
"There's a lot of interest in microgrid systems, where solar together with battery energy storage systems, together with the grid, and sometimes together with old diesel generators are supplying sustainable, cleaner and continuous power in commercial, industrial and agricultural settings," Botha explains.
Given this positive market outlook, Melamu is also bullish about the potential for job creation and industrialisation spin-offs from the sector.
However, speaking against the backdrop of a court case brought by ARTSolar against various government Ministers, Eskom, Nersa and several independent power producers in a bid to have an exemption on local content stipulations in relation to locally assembled PV modules set aside, she argues in favour of a full value-chain approach.
While making no direct reference to the legal action, Melamu indicates that it will require a suite of fiscal incentives to position local industry to compete with China, which manufactures about 75% of the world's PV modules.
By contrast, studies published by SAPVIA in 2023 and 2024 highlight the potential to industrialise various other parts of the supply chain, mostly in the absence of fiscal incentives.
The studies point in particular to cables and combiner boxes, mounting structures and trackers, inverters, electrical and civil balance of plant components, as well as recycling and reuse.
Solar modules make up about 20% of the value of a solar PV facility, she says, while arguing that most of the components that make up the other 80% can be manufactured locally.
"So it's really a decision of whether we are all willing to pay 40% to 50% more for electricity than we currently are to accommodate the incentives that would be required to really scale-up manufacturing, especially solar PV modules."
SAPVIA also stresses that the bulk of the employment opportunities in the solar industry reside in the installation, operations and maintenance of such systems, with module manufacturing having become highly automated.

Eskom has signed a memorandum of understanding (MoU) with Samancor Chrome and the Glencore-Merafe Chrome Venture in a bid to finalise an electricity tariff solution that prevents the closure of additional smelting capacity, and averts the threat of widespread job cuts in the sector.
In a statement, Eskom said a joint task team had been set up to develop the intervention following what the State-owned company described as constructive engagements held on December 5 with Electricity and Energy Minister Dr Kgosientsho Ramokgopa and organised labour.
The talks followed the initiation by Samancor Chrome and the Glencore-Merafe Chrome Venture of Section 189 retrenchment processes that could affect close to 5 000 workers.
In a separate statement, the Glencore-Merafe Chrome Venture reported that the MoU would extend collaboration and engagement aimed at finding a workable energy solution for the ferrochrome industry by no later than the end of February.
"As a result of this agreement, the Venture will seek to conclude arrangements with consulting parties to extend the Section 189 consultation period until 28 February 2026 and regulate the terms and conditions of this proposed extension.
"This extension demonstrates the Venture's commitment to engaging constructively with government and other stakeholders to find a viable solution that can save jobs and support competitive beneficiation in South Africa."
However, the statement fell short of the National Union of Mineworkers' (NUM's) call for the ferrochrome industry to formally commit to a three-month moratorium on all retrenchments and smelter closures.
In fact, Glencore-Merafe Chrome Venture indicated that the Section 189 process in relation to Project Phoenix streamlining and right-sizing of operations remained unaffected by the MoU.
Eskom CEO Dan Marokane said a multi-stakeholder task team would be set up to seek to finalise a strategy that supported industrial competitiveness while ensuring that the electricity-pricing solution did not impose additional burdens on other customers.
No details were provided regarding how other customers would be protected, however, with the cost of previous negotiated pricing agreements (NPAs) with electricity-intensive companies having hitherto always been borne by standard tariff customers.
The current distress in the ferrochrome industry had arisen despite the fact that the smelters secured regulatory approval in October 2023 for six-year NPAs, which provided access to lower-cost tariff structures.
The NUM offered specifics, reporting that the ferrochrome industry had indicated that the current Eskom tariff of R2.12/kWh was unsustainable.
"During a meeting last Friday with the Minister of Electricity, Kgosientsho Ramokgopa, the government proposed lowering the tariffs to 87.7c/kWh. The industry requested a competitive energy tariff of 62c/kWh," the NUM revealed.
Earlier this year, both Samancor Chrome and the Glencore-Merafe Chrome Venture activated the hardship provisions of their NPAs as market conditions deteriorated and rising electricity costs became increasingly difficult to absorb. Since 2008, electricity tariffs in South African have surged by over 900%.
Eskom then applied for a temporary waiver of take-or-pay obligations, which the National Energy Regulator of South Africa (Nersa) approved for a limited period, which helped stabilise operations temporarily.
It was confirmed in the statement that Nersa was currently processing an application for an interim tariff adjustment for the smelters.
"Once the interim tariff is approved, the smelters have committed to suspend the Section 189 retrenchment process and bring 40% of their furnace capacity back online while the long-term solution is developed under the MoU," Eskom said in a statement on December 8.
In parallel to the electricity tariff relief, government would work on a "complementary mechanism" to support a more competitive pricing path for the sector, which is expected to be final...

Engineering News editor Terence Creamer discusses rail company Traxtion's announcement of a R3.4-billion investment in locomotives and wagons to begin operating on South Africa’s mainline freight network, as well as the significance of this investment.

The producer of a diverse range of well-known household brands - from Sunlight soap and OMO washing powder, to Vaseline and Robertsons Spices - reports that it has increased the local content in the products it manufactures in South Africa to 80% from a level of only 40% in 2019.
The brands are all produced by Unilever South Africa, which manufactures 95% of the products it sells locally.
MD Justin Apsey tells Engineering News that, while the group has always aspired to increase the domestic content of the inputs used by its six South African factories, the step change over the past five years can be attributed to having embedded localisation as a business rather than a social imperative.
This commercial rationale is underpinned by a desire to improve the resilience of its supply chains, the vulnerability of which was exposed during the Covid-19 pandemic.
As a result, Unilever South Africa reassessed its localisation strategy, uncoupling it from its prior corporate social responsibility focus.
A partnership model has since been implemented, whereby the small and medium-sized enterprises selected to supply the group are expected to operate independently of the demand generated by its procurement. Previously, the strategy was based on supporting entrepreneurial enterprises in a way that made them fully reliant on the group.
R100M LOCALISATION FUND
The re-engineered strategy has been backed financially by a R100-million empowerment and localisation fund, capitalised fully by Unilever South Africa.
The fund extends interest-free loans to partner companies, which use the finance primarily to invest in the capital equipment they require to scale up to meet Unilever's demand, albeit not exclusively.
In addition, it is supported on an ongoing basis by the group's R12-billion to 14-billion in yearly total supply-chain costs, including procurement, with Apsey indicating that about R3.5-billion of that spend is now with small and medium-sized firms.
The results have been impressive across most of its manufacturing sites, which in Gauteng include a laundry powders factory in Boksburg, a household liquids facility in Anderbolt, and an ice cream plant in Johannesburg. In KwaZulu-Natal, meanwhile, Unilever has a personal and beauty care plant at Maydon Wharf, in Durban, a deodorants facility in Phoenix, and a foods factory in Riverhorse Valley.
Among the highlights has been a R30-million investment that has enabled a company known as Temong to invest in local steam-sterilisation infrastructure, which has opened supply chains to smallholder farmers producing chilies and coriander.
Apsey says the investment has resulted in a chilli-growing partnership in Jozini, in KwaZulu-Natal, which has involved external training partners and close collaboration with the Department of Agriculture and the local municipality.
Unilever has also backed a R10-million investment to enable Afrozonke to produce chemicals locally that were previously imported, as well as R6-million to support Just Pink, a women-led merchandising business that now services 197 Clicks stores.
NEXT 10% WILL BE HARDER
The local-content gaps in its supply chain are mapped on an ongoing basis by Unilever's procurement team and Apsey says that mapping shows that raising local content from 80% to 90% will prove far more challenging.
Not only is the pipeline of potential suppliers far less developed, but major capital investments would be required to produce the next set of chemicals, plastics, and fragrances required to raise local content further.
He says Unilever's demand alone will be insufficient to make such projects viable and that an industry-wide effort will be required, and involve collaboration with historical competitors.
Government is aware of the issues and the competition authorities have offered the industry an exemption to cooperate where it can be shown that such cooperation is in support of industrialisation.
Raising local content further across the sector could have si...

Six local lithium battery and inverter manufacturers have joined forces to form the South African Battery Manufacturers Association (SABMA) in an effort to raise awareness of the country's energy storage prowess and champion South Africa as a global production hub.
Formed officially in October by Balancell, BlueNova Energy, Creslow Energy Solutions, Freedom Won, maxwell+spark and Solar MD, SABMA aims to promote the growth of the domestic manufacturing sector and advocate for industry-friendly trade and industrial policy.
De facto chairperson and initiator of SABMA, Dr Louis Serfontein, who is also head of business development at Freedom Won, tells Engineering News that the founding members are convinced that South Africa has the resources, intellectual property and industrial capacity and capability to become a global energy storage leader.
However, he also reports that the industry is facing significant challenges currently with its survival threatened by unfair trade practices and by the fact that it is being overlooked during the public procurement of large industrial and utility-scale battery energy storage systems (BESS).
SABMA's immediate priority, therefore, is to lobby for an update to the country's tariff code to distinguish between the importation of battery cells, which South Africa does not currently produce, and battery systems, which it does.
Serfontein is convinced that, in time, South Africa could leverage the region's reserves of lithium, manganese, cobalt and vanadium and its battery know-how to participate in the full battery value chain, including cell manufacturing and position Southern Africa as an exporter of high technology and not only raw materials and smaller batteries and inverters.
In the interim, however, it will need to safeguard its existing manufacturing capacity by ensuring that it is not overwhelmed by imports, he argues, with SABMA members keen to be part of a government programme that stimulates local manufacturing.
In addition, SABMA intends lobbying for a formal local-content designation for South African-manufactured batteries and inverters in the public procurement of utility-scale systems.
"While local companies have built a strong reputation in the residential market, the utility-scale and industrial battery markets remain dominated by imports," Serfontein states.
"These systems are modular in design, so there is no reason why local batteries should be excluded as they are currently."
Local large users, driven by local content or not, will always be better served by a locally based company, Serfontein avers.
"Projects don't end at their commercial operation date, they start, and only local support can service and augment the technology involve to last the expected 20-plus years.
"It is thus in the interest of any large user, government and parastatal alike, to invest in local manufacturing and the associated skill and capacity development."
He stresses that SABMA also intends marketing the capabilities of the domestic industry to consulting engineers that specify the batteries in utility projects, as well as to the engineering, procurement and construction contractors that implement BESS projects.
"Our biggest frustration is that most of the ecosystem is unaware that Africa has this high-tech ability.
"Most automatically assume that it all has to come from China whilst we have arguably been at it for the same time if not longer," Serfontein says.
SABMA also intends working with government and private stakeholders on the implementation of the South African Renewable Energy Master Plan, which has been launched to support the industrialisation of components linked to solar, wind and battery installations.
Serfontein says SABMA already has support from the Department of Trade, Industry and Competition, including in relation to its aims of accelerating local battery manufacturing, promoting high standards, and positioning the country as a regional leader in advanced energy storage techn...

VSL Manufacturing (VSL) has started operations at its new, R750-million manufacturing facility adjacent to the Isuzu Motors South Africa (IMSAf) assembly plant in Struandale, Gqeberha.
VSL is a majority black-owned South African component manufacturer specialising in advanced metal pressing and stamping products.
The component maker was established in 2018 and now operates facilities in both Komani and Gqeberha, in the Eastern Cape.
In Gqeberha, the company manufacturers skin panels for the Isuzu D-Max bakkie line - mainly exterior and structural stamped panels for the sixth-generation bakkie, says VSL director Vuyo Skweyiya.
"We are also certified to manufacture the same panel categories for the facelift seventh-generation D-Max, and for subsequent models as they are introduced."
Current output for the sixth-generation programme is around 350 000 panels a year.
With the seventh-gen D-Max included, Skweyiya expects combined yearly volumes to peak at around 520 000 units by 2027.
"Daily output varies depending on Isuzu's build schedule."
Beyond the automotive industry, VSL also supplies components to the rail sector, most notably the Gibela Rail Consortium, which is responsible for building the new blue trains for the Passenger Rail Agency of South Africa.
"For rail clients, we manufacture pressed and fabricated metal parts used in rail-car assembly and structural applications," explains Skweyiya.
"We'll continue to diversify into sectors where our stamping, fabrication, welding and tooling-maintenance capabilities add value."
She notes that it was no small feat to get VSL up and running, but that it has been well worth it.
"This facility represents the culmination of years of rebuilding, of restoring jobs, and of proving that South African suppliers can compete at the highest level of global automotive manufacturing."
VSL was established following the liquidation of Stateline Pressed Metal in Komani, which resulted in 123 job losses.
Rather than accept defeat, retrenched employees Skweyiya and business partner Deon van Zyl secured funding from Absa Bank to acquire the company's equipment and form VSL.
After rebuilding Stateline's operations and capabilities, a major turning point came in 2021 when IMSAf appointed VSL to its supplier development programme.
This partnership enabled VSL to scale its operations, increase its revenue five-fold in the 2021/22 financial year, and meet the standards required for global vehicle manufacturing supply.
With growth came increased pressure, however, especially on the ageing Komani press line.
To safeguard jobs and ensure long-term competitiveness, VSL, supported by IMSAf, developed an investment plan which was presented to the Industrial Development Corporation, the Automotive Industry Transformation Fund, and the Black Industrialists Scheme.
This resulted in a R750-million capital mobilisation effort to establish the new facility, now located in Gqeberha.
To date, the expansion has created 52 new jobs in this part of the Eastern Cape, while the Komani operation continues to sustain 66 skilled employees.
VSL credits IMSAf for its hands-on supplier development support.
"Isuzu did more than award a contract. They transferred tools, opened their supply chain to us, and worked closely to help us meet demanding global standards," notes Skweyiya.
Looking ahead, she says that VSL is eagerly anticipating the upcoming review of government's Automotive Production and Development Programme (APDP).
"APDP 2 is vital to localisation and long-term industrialisation.
"From the review process, we would welcome strengthened incentives for [vehicle manufacturers] to deepen local value chains, increased support for supplier development, as well as measures that enable emerging and midtier suppliers to scale sustainably.
"These will improve competitiveness and secure long-term production mandates for South African component manufacturers."
Skweyiya adds that VSL's growth strategy includes expanding productio...

The Central Energy Fund (CEF) group of companies faced sceptical questioning this week from lawmakers over plans to revive the Sapref refinery in Durban and PetroSA's gas-to-liquids (GTL) refinery in Mossel Bay.
During a marathon session of the Portfolio Committee on Mineral and Petroleum Resources held to deliberate on CEF's delayed 2024/25 annual report, CEF chairperson Ayanda Noah stressed the importance of the two refineries to the future of the group, as well as the recently formed South African National Petroleum Company (SANPC).
Now being referred to by CEF as the SANPC refinery, the Sapref facility was sold for R1 to the CEF in 2024 by energy majors BP and Shell.
The Mossel Bay GTL refinery, meanwhile, is also non-operational after PetroSA's well-publicised failure to secure new gas resources, despite the multibillion-rand Project Ikhwezi drilling campaign. In addition, a subsequent partnership deal with Gazprombank Africa aimed at reviving the facility was terminated due to non-performance.
Noah told committee members that restarting activities at both refineries remained a board priority and said that a deadline of March 31, 2026, had been set for the completion of a bankable feasibility study into the revival of the Sapref/SANPC refinery.
While describing the restart of operations at the Mossel Bay refinery as challenging, she indicated that CEF was expecting to receive proposals from PetroSA by the end of January regarding the resumption of activities at the site.
Questioned about the technical and commercial viability of reviving Sapref and how such an endeavour would be funded, acting COO Sifiso Msabala said major capital investments would be required together with a strategic partner to both scale up output and to produce fuel in line with the country's clean fuel specifications.
Msabala said the refinery's nameplate would have to be increased from about 180 000 bbl/d to about 450 000 bbl/d to ensure its competitiveness, and insisted that the site, which was damaged during the 2022 KwaZulu-Natal floods, could house a refinery of that size.
Quizzed further about the commercial prospects of such a refinery, CFO Ditsietsi Morabe stressed the strategic nature of the project, which she said was designed to reverse the current trend of refinery closures and "address the issue of energy sovereignty".
In parallel, CEF would seek to take advantage of the 15% allocation granted to it recently at the Island View Terminal in Durban, which had not been sold as part of the Sapref transaction. CEF was investigating using some of the tank infrastructure to store or blend final product ahead of distribution.
However, it also still needed to resolve a claim by Sasol on the residual crude oil stored on the site at the time of the Sapref acquisition.
Besides plans to resume refinery operations, CEF also listed several other projects that it said it was aiming to advance, including a sorghum-to-bioethanol venture and a gas-to-power project at Komatipoort, on South Africa's border with Mozambique.
Msabala said CEF had received an environmental authorisation for an 800 MW gas-to-power project in Komatipoort and that it was currently pursuing a power purchase agreement, but did not provide further details.
The State-owned company reported a profit of R553-million for the year, elevated by a non-operating gain of R1.84-billion arising from the increase in assets relative to liabilities arising from the Sapref acquisition.
The gain helped offset an operating loss of R2.9-billion, on the back of lower PetroSA sales and the halt placed on the African Exploration Mining & Finance Corporation's coal supply agreement with Eskom during the year.

South Africa's automotive market in the third quarter posted its strongest sales in more than a decade as greater macro-economic stability, easing interest rates and a firmer rand supported renewed consumer demand, says TransUnion.
According to the information and insights company's Third Quarter 2025 Mobility Insights Report, total new-passenger-vehicle sales reached 111 697 units - 23.4% higher year-on-year (y-o-y) - while new-vehicle inflation dropped to a record low of 1.5% (since tracking began in 2008).
All of these conditions, says TransUnion, created one of the most competitive pricing environments in recent memory.
"Affordability and choice are redefining South Africa's automotive landscape," says TransUnion Africa CEO Lee Naik.
"Consumers are seeking greater value and flexibility, and manufacturers that meet this demand through innovation and pricing discipline are winning the race for growth."
Although established vehicle brands returned to positive growth in the second and third quarter of this year, the domestic market's transformation is being led by Chinese manufacturers, as they are expanding nearly nine times faster than the overall market, with y-o-y growth of 89% in the second quarter and 88% in the third quarter.
Their combined share has quadrupled since 2021 to more than 15%, powered by competitively priced, feature-rich sports-utility vehicles and sedans that appeal to cost-conscious, yet tech-savvy buyers, explains the TransUnion report.
Top-performing value brands y-o-y included JAC (67% volume increase), GWM (54%), and Chery (35%), while BMW (27%) proved that premium marques can still thrive by combining desirability with strong product pipelines.
India's Mahindra posted 42% growth.
"This isn't a short-term surge, it's a structural reset," notes Naik.
"The success of value-driven models shows how affordability, technology and trust are now the true levers of brand growth in South Africa."
Younger, High-Income Buyers Sustaining Demand TransUnion's recent Consumer Pulse Survey shows a modest easing in purchase intent, with the share of respondents likely to buy a vehicle in the next three months declining from 19% in the second quarter to 17% in the third quarter.
Purchase behaviour also remains sharply segmented across both age and income groups.
Younger consumers continue to lead intent, with 21% of Gen Z and 19% of Millennials planning to buy a vehicle in the next three months, compared with 13% of Gen X and 8% of Baby Boomers.
From an income perspective, high-income households earning R200 000 or more a month show the strongest intent at 34%, while middle- and lower-income consumers remain significantly more cautious in their purchasing outlook.
Internal-combustion engine (ICE) vehicles remain the single largest category in consumer purchase intent, accounting for 42% of consumer preference, while interest in hybrid (39%) and plug-in hybrid (24%) models is steadily increasing.
The shift toward electrification is most pronounced among Gen Z consumers, with 55% favouring hybrids and 32% considering battery-electric vehicles (BEVs).
This generational shift toward greener technology is also evident among high-income buyers, with 75% considering plug-in hybrids, driven primarily by their perceived affordability.
In contrast, preference for ICE vehicles remains largely affordability-based among lower-income segments.
Higher budgets within affluent households enable greater consideration of hybrid plug-in hybrid, and BEVs, reinforcing an emerging electrification divide, says the TransUnion report.
"The convergence of affordability, segmentation, electrification and connectivity signals a pivotal shift in the automotive industry," notes Naik.
"The future belongs to brands and financiers that master both the value-driven present and the connected, electrified future."

Private railways company Traxtion expects to begin operating on South Africa's mainline network by the third quarter of 2026 after concluding a R3.4-billion rolling stock investment programme.
The Harith-owned company described the acquisition as the largest private freight rail investment in South Africa's history and said it was aligned with reforms under way to open the country's rail system to private train operating companies (TOCs).
In August, Transport Minister Barbara Creecy announced that 11 TOCs that had applied to operate routes on Transnet's rail network had met the requirements to do so on 41 routes across six corridors.
It was indicated that some of the TOCs could begin operating in the second half of 2026, while others stated that they were likely to begin operating only in 2027 or 2028, with access to rolling stock being one of the key constraints to entering the network earlier.
Traxtion, which already operates across ten African countries and has a rail and manufacturing services hub in Rosslyn, has confirmed that it will buy 46 Wabtec locomotives from KiwiRail in New Zealand for R1.8-billion, as well as wagons valued at R1.6-billion.
The fleet includes 42 U26C partly modernised locomotives and four C30-8MMI fully modernised locomotives.
The U26C fleet will now be upgraded in batches at Traxtion's Rail Services Hub in Rosslyn to C30MEI specification to include fuel-efficient 7FDL-EFI engines and advanced Brightstar control systems.
The locomotives will be shipped in four tranches between April 2026 and August 2027, with each batch of 10 to 12 locomotives to undergo a four-month modernisation cycle.
The first upgraded units will roll out in the third quarter of next year, which Traxtion says will mark the historic entry of its trains into South African mainline operations.
CEO James Holley says the locomotives will help lower logistics costs, protect the road network, improve environmental performance, and create jobs.
"We have structured this programme to maximise South African industrial value-add, such as local assembly, supplier development, and skills transfer, while getting modern locomotives and wagons into service as quickly as possible," Holley states.
Traxtion says that there will be at least 60% local content across the programme and that a minimum of 662 direct permanent jobs will be added during manufacturing, assembly, commissioning and operation.
The added capacity is expected to address about 5% of the national freight rail capacity shortfall, he adds.
South Africa has set a goal of moving 250-million tons of freight by rail yearly by 2030, against current volumes of below 160-million tons and Creecy has indicated that the lion's share of the 90-million-ton gap is likely to be closed by private TOCs.
Harith CEO Sipho Makhubela says the programme sets a new benchmark for how private investment, aligned with policy certainty and local value creation, can deliver transformative outcomes.
"Harith is encouraged by the reform momentum, which is now translating into measurable commercial and socio-economic returns," Makhubela adds.
The Presidency's project management office head Rudi Dicks - who is also overseeing the reforms being pursued under Operation Vulindlela, which includes the facilitation of private sector participation in the rail sector - has welcomed the Traxtion announcement.
Dicks describes the R3.4-billion investment as critical to the reforms under way to open the freight rail network to competition.
"This network sector has always been closed, and has always been operated by Transnet. We are introducing competition and Traxtion is going to be one of the major players on the network," Dicks says.

Engineering News editor Terence Creamer talks about amendments made to the request for proposals (RfP) for the procurement of 2 000 MW of gas-to-power and what these changes mean for the programme and potentially for tariffs?

The Energy Regulator, which is the National Energy Regulator of South Africa's (Nersa's) highest decision-making body, has made three landmark decisions in support of the country's legislated commitment to transition to a competitive electricity market from one historically monopolised by Eskom.
At its meeting on November 27, it approved the granting on a Market Operator licence to the National Transmission Company South Africa (NTCSA), a precursor to the launch of the South African Wholesale Electricity Market (SAWEM) in 2026, alongside new Grid Capacity Allocation Rules to facilitate fair and non-discriminatory access to the network.
In addition, the Energy Regulator approved the appointment of a 14-member Electricity Market Advisory Forum, or EMAF, which will advise and capacitate Nersa in navigating the shift to a competitive electricity market and interface with key public and private institutions in relation to the country's market readiness.
Chairperson Thembani Bukula described the decisions as historic milestones in South Africa's unfolding electricity supply industry transition, but also made it clear that many more decisions would still need to be made to meet the objectives set in the Electricity Regulation Amendment Act.
The legislation, which came into force in January, lays the basis for a phased transition to a competitive electricity market and sets a five-year timeframe for the creation of a fully independent Transmission System Operator outside of Eskom.
In the interim, the NTCSA, which remains a subsidiary of Eskom Holdings but with its own board and executive team, is expected to play the role of market operator and system operator, while overseeing the operation and expansion of the physical grid network.
The conflict of interest associated with Eskom's ongoing shareholding of the NTCSA was evident even in the decision to grant the NTCSA a Market Operator licence, with the Energy Regulator doing so without also approving the licence conditions.
CONFLICTS OF INTEREST
Full-time regulator member Nomfundo Maseti said these conditions, along with the regulator's reasons for decision would be finalised within 30 business days.
However, approval had been withheld, as Nersa had requested additional documentation from NTCSA, particularly in relation to what she termed an "independence roadmap" to show how it intended managing the potential conflicts of interest arising from its shareholding structure.
While the restructuring of Eskom is still unfolding, concerns have been raised about both the pace and the nature of the unbundling of NTCSA, the full legal and commercial separation of which is viewed as crucial to levelling the playing field between Eskom Generation and independent power producers (IPPs).
It was also indicated that the issuance of the Market Operator licence was but one "building block" in the establishment of the SAWEM, with the Market Code and Market Rules still to be approved.
Now that the NTCSA had received the Market Operator licence it was anticipated that it would make a submission to Nersa on the Market Code, which would be key to determining the effectiveness or otherwise of the SAWEM in ensuring whether competition would help shape future electricity prices.
Maseti indicated that Nersa was gearing up to consider the code, and was alive to ensuring that a fair balance was struck.
Here, she made specific reference to the fixed and variable cost components in coal vesting contracts amid warnings that Eskom's move to have its primary energy classified as a fixed cost would result in such artificially low tariffs as to make it impossible for IPPs to raise finance to build new capacity to bid into the SAWEM.
Potential conflicts of interest were also a key driver behind the formulation of the Grid Capacity Allocation Rules approved by the Energy Regulator, and which would be both Gazetted and published on the Nersa website in due course.
Maseti said the new Grid Capacity Allocation Rules guar...

Significant amendments to the request for proposal (RFP) documentation for South Africa's much-delayed procurement of 2 000 MW of gas-to-power capacity have been unpacked, including an updated fuel pricing formula and an increase in the minimum load factor to 50% for the 20-year duration of the power purchase agreement.
Independent Power Producer Office (IPPO) head Precious Edward also used a virtual briefing on the Gas to Power Independent Power Producer Procurement Programme, or GASIPPPP, to reaffirm government's commitment to the new bid submission deadline of May 29, 2026 - this, for a programme initially launched on December 14, 2023, with an August 30, 2024, deadline.
Edward said the amendments, which were initially communicated on October 20, had been made following a review of the clarification questions raised by potential bidders in relation to the legal, technical and pricing components included in the initial RFP.
In addition, the change to the load factor, from an initial range of between 25% and 65%, was in line with the recently published Integrated Resource Plan 2025 (IRP 2025), which indicated that the higher load factor would be used for the initial gas projects allocated for entry into the country's electricity supply by 2030.
The IRP 2025 has allocated 6 000 MW to gas by 2030 and a total of 16 000 MW by 2040; with the initial target appearing highly ambitious when assessed against the timelines outlined by Edward for the first bid window of GASIPPPP, which points to projects entering into commercial operation after 2030.
The IPPO indicated during a virtual briefing on November 26 that it expected to announced preferred bidders three months after the May 29 bid submission deadline.
It had allocated 12 months thereafter to preferred bidders to advance their projects to commercial close and a further three months to reach financial close. The long-stop date for commercial operation, meanwhile, had been set 36 months after commercial close.
Besides changes to the load factor, the revised RFP has also reduce the required yearly minimum start-ups for the generators from 730 to 520, broken into 208 hot starts, 260 warm starts and 52 cold starts "taking into account technical limitations".
PRICING MECHANISM
Major amendments have also been made to the gas pricing mechanism, which has been aligned to "global liquefied natural gas (LNG) pricing realities", with the pass-through Fuel Charge Rate in any given month to be determined using a formula based on a proportional split between Henry Hub, Brent and the National Balancing Price that will be applicable to the seller.
A new pass-through Fuel Fixed Cost Charge Rate formula has also been included to explicitly account for transportation and infrastructure costs, including LNG shipping and terminal costs, as well as gas pipeline and liquefaction costs.
Bidders remain responsible for sourcing their fuel and for all supply and delivery risks, but the IPPO believes the updated formulas will help them in managing those risks.
At submission, bidders are required to provide a rand price for producing a megawatt-hour for the plant's contracted capacity, energy and ancillary services as of the base date of April 1, 2026, and present that price at load factors of 50% and 60%, with an average between the two used for the evaluation. Prices will be indexed to South African and US inflation, and the fuel change rate will be indexed to the movement in the fuel price on a monthly basis.
Bidders still need to secure all necessary environmental approvals and will also be responsible for securing access to the grid, with bid submissions requiring a cost estimate letter from the National Transmission Company South Africa for such connectivity.
Edward said the RFP for the first bid window of the GASIPPPP remained available for access by all prospective bidders, but that further interaction with the IPPO on the RFP would be limited to the publication of briefing notes, with no addition...