This podcast focuses on the eye. It begins with a brief overview of the eye's anatomy and physiology. The discussion then shifts to rods, cones, and the phototransduction pathway. The final section addresses perception.
Key topics include visual field processing, differences between binocular and monocular cues, and feature detection (covering both Magno and Parvo pathways).
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Jump into the conversation:
[00:00] MCAT Tutoring from MedSchoolCoach
[00:34] Welcome to MCAT Basics
[01:06] Topics covered in this episode
[02:10] Anatomy & physiology of the eye
[16:02] Phototransduction pathway
[26:59] Perception
[28:13] Visual field processing
[31:34] Binocular versus monocular queues
[35:02] Visual feature detection - Gestalt principles
[38:18] Parallel Processing
[39:12] Parvo versus Magno pathways
In this episode, we focus on the physiology of sound and hearing.
We begin by exploring sound-related concepts, including sound waves, pitch, ultrasound, and the decibel system. Next, we delve into the anatomy and physiology of the ear, providing a clear understanding of how we perceive sound. This material will appear in two of the four MCAT sections: the Bio/Biochem and Physics/Chemistry sections.
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[00:00] Introduction
[01:50] Physics of sound waves
[06:07] Wavelength and frequency equation
[08:08] Equation for the speed of sound
[11:01] Overall takeaway for the MCAT
[11:15] Ultrasound imaging
[14:23] The decibel system
[18:05] Anatomy and physiology of the ear
Redox reactions or reduction and oxidation are reactions in which electrons are simultaneously transferred from one chemical species to another. This episode begins with exploring this concept, including an in-depth look at oxidizing and reducing agents and the factors determining a compound's effectiveness as an oxidizing agent.
It also covers the oxidation states of molecules and functional groups, common redox reagents in organic chemistry, and the role of redox in biological systems. The episode also addresses numerical concepts from general chemistry related to redox, such as determining oxidation numbers and understanding electrochemical cells.
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[00:00] Introduction
[01:09] What is the conceptual definition of redox
[06:22] What is an oxidizing agent, and what is a reducing agent?
[08:50] What makes a molecule better than another at being an oxidizing agent or a reducing agent?
[13:58] Which oxidation reduction reagents should you know and what do they
[21:44] Redox in biological systems
[35:01] How to determine the oxidation state
[41:16] The application of oxidation-reduction in electrochemical cells
This episode of MCAT Basics covers the world of circuits. We will explore electrical circuits and their fundamental principles.
We’ll start with dissecting the essential parameters that form the backbone of circuits: voltage, current, resistance, and power. These are the building blocks upon which all circuit dynamics are based.
Next, we'll explore a variety of circuit elements, from resistors to batteries, capacitors, and switches. Each of these components plays a vital role in shaping the behavior of circuits and understanding their functionality.
Finally, we'll delve into Ohm’s Law and Kirchhoff’s Law, two fundamental principles that govern circuit behavior. By grasping these laws, you'll gain essential insights into how circuits operate and how to analyze their dynamics effectively.
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Jump into the conversation:
[00:00] MCAT Tutorig from MedSchoolCoach
[00:34] Welcome to MCAT Basics
[01:07] Topics covered in this episode
[02:14] Circuit Variables - voltage, current resistance, power
[22:59] Circuit Elements - resistors, sources of voltage, capacitors, and switches
[44:28] Ohm's Law
[45:24] Kirchhoff's Law
This episode of MCAT Basics covers several separation and purification techniques you may see on the MCAT. We’ll cover these techniques in three distinct categories: small molecules, proteins, and cells.
Within the small molecule category, we’ll discuss extraction, crystallization and recrystallization, and chromatography (TLC and HPLC).
For proteins, we cover SDS-page, precipitation, soelectric focusing, and chromatography variations. Lastly, we’ll explain, within the world of cells, centrifugation, flow cytometry, and microfluidics.
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Jump into the conversation:
[00:00] MCAT Tutorig from MedSchoolCoach
[00:34] Welcome to MCAT Basics
[01:07] Topics covered in this episode
[02:24] Techniques for small molecules - extraction, crystallization and recrystallization, and chromatography (TLC and HPLC)
[28:24] Techniques for proteins - SDS-page, precipitation, isoelectric focusing, and chromatography variations
[54:47] Techniques for cells - centrifugation, flow cytometry, and microfluidics.
The immune system is split up into two main categories - the adaptive immune system and the innate immune system.
This episode will cover the intricacies of the innate immune system beginning with an overview of its constituent cells. We will then explore three pivotal elements of the system: anatomical barriers, the general inflammatory response, and the complement system. This will show up in the bio/biochem section of the MCAT.
For additional reading on this topic, you can refer to the NIH’s Innate Immune System paper.
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Jump into the conversation:
[00:00] MCAT Tutoring from MedSchoolCoach
[00:34] Welcome to MCAT Basics
[01:06] Topics covered in this episode
[02:09] The goal of the innate immune system
[04:57] The cells that make up the innate immune system
[11:47] Anatomical barriers to the innate immune system
[19:53] General inflammatory response of the innate immune system
[42:49] Complement system
[45:33] MCAT Advice of the day - take as much time as you need to study for the MCAT
Understanding the kidneys' role in the body’s balance is essential for the MCAT and beyond.
In this episode, host Sam Smith discusses renal physiology, covering everything from kidney anatomy to the nephron’s critical functions in filtration, reabsorption, secretion, and excretion. You’ll explore the roles of the renal cortex and medulla, learn about the loop of Henle, and uncover the importance of ions, plasma volume, and pH regulation in kidney function. Plus, we’ll examine hormones like ADH and aldosterone and their impact on fluid balance, as well as essential measurements like glomerular filtration rate (GFR) for assessing kidney health.
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Jump into the conversation:
(00:00) Intro to renal physiology
(02:43) Kidney anatomy overview
(08:38) Nephron structure and function
(09:50) Six key functions of the kidney
(12:03) Nephron Processes: Filtration
(17:32) Nephron Processes: Reabsorption and secretion
(22:51) The Loop of Henle
(26:05) Understanding osmolarity in the Loop of Henle
(26:55) Ion transport in the ascending limb
(32:04) The role of the collecting duct
(37:18) Hormonal regulation of the nephron
(46:50) Key measurements of renal function
(50:15) MCAT Advice of the Day
Cells and tissues form the building blocks of life, which are crucial for mastering key concepts in the MCAT’s biology and biochemistry sections.
In this episode, host Sam Smith breaks down the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, exploring animal, plant, and bacterial cell structures alongside unique cell types like erythrocytes. You’ll gain insights into the various tissue types—epithelial, muscle, connective, and nervous—along with their roles in the body. Plus, Sam highlights essential details on ribosome size, cell reproduction methods, and structural elements like vacuoles and cell walls. This episode equips you with strategies to distinguish cell and tissue types confidently, setting you up for success on exam day.
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Jump into the conversation:
(00:00) Intro
(01:03) Cell types overview
(02:44) Prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic cells
(09:53) Animal, plant, and Ffungi cells
(16:20) Bacteria and archaea characteristics
(19:09) Erythrocytes: Structure and function
(20:15) Tissue types intro
(23:35) Epithelial tissue types and functions
(33:17) Connective and nervous tissues
Thermodynamics is fundamental to mastering chemistry concepts and understanding the energy dynamics within biological systems crucial for the MCAT.
In this episode, host Sam Smith dives into the laws of thermodynamics, covering everything from the zeroth law to the third. You'll explore key concepts like enthalpy, entropy, and Gibbs Free Energy and learn how they apply to reaction spontaneity and equilibrium. Sam also gives practical examples, including how the equilibrium constant and reaction quotient (Q vs. K) affect reactions, and covers types of heat transfer—conduction, convection, and radiation—essential for the Chem/Phys section.
Visit MedSchoolCoach.com for more help with the MCAT and use promo code PODCAST to receive a five percent discount on your first session.
Jump into the conversation:
(00:00) Intro
(01:03) Introduction to thermodynamics
(03:58) The four laws of thermodynamics
(12:46) Thermodynamic variables: entropy, enthalpy, and Gibbs Free Energy
(24:11) Phase changes in thermodynamics
(25:30) Gibbs Free Energy and spontaneity of reactions
(38:01) The three types of heat transfer: conduction, convection, and radiation
Understanding social and psychological theories is crucial for success on the MCAT, as these concepts shape everything from human behavior to societal structures.
In this episode, Sam Smith breaks down the essential sociological and psychological theories you need to master, ranging from functionalism and conflict theory to the theories of emotion. Sam explains how these theories apply to real-world scenarios, including their relevance in medicine, healthcare disparities, and patient interactions.
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Jump into the conversation:
(00:00) Intro
(01:58) Overview of social and psychological theories
(03:23) Functionalism
(09:55) Conflict theory
(12:52) Symbolic interactions
(15:12) Social constructionism
(18:46) Rational choice and exchange theory
(23:54) Feminist theory
(26:10) Behaviorism
(29:34) Life course theory
(33:45) Theories of emotion
(41:03) Motivational theories
Electromagnetism is a critical component of physics, playing a pivotal role in everything from circuits to medical imaging technologies like MRIs. It is also a crucial topic for the MCAT, appearing frequently in the physics and chemistry sections.
In this episode, Sam Smith breaks down the fundamental concepts of electricity and magnetism. Sam walks through the basics of static electricity, charge conservation, and Coulomb’s Law and explains how moving charges create currents and the forces exerted by electric and magnetic fields.
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Jump into the conversation:
(00:00) Intro
(01:44) How charge is defined: positive and negative
(03:31) History of charge and the amber effect
(05:02) Static electricity and the conservation of charge
(07:26) Conductors vs. insulators
(09:22) How electrostatic force is governed by Coulomb’s Law
(10:52) Understanding electric fields
(16:27) The relationship between electric field strength and distance
(18:17) How moving charges create a current and electric potential
(22:23) Different types of magnetic materials and their behavior
(25:45) How magnetic fields are visualized and understood through field lines
(28:32) The right-hand rule explained
(33:22) How magnetic forces act on moving charges and currents
(40:01) The application of electromagnetism in MRIs
(44:55) MCAT Advice of the Day
A deep understanding of functional groups is crucial for excelling in the MCAT, as they play a key role in the reactivity, physical properties, and biological functions of molecules.
In this episode, Sam Smith breaks down the essential functional groups, covering their physical and chemical properties, biological relevance, and common reaction mechanisms. From alcohols and carbonyl-containing groups like aldehydes and ketones, to nitrogen-containing amines and amides, Sam explains how these groups are presented in exam questions and their impact on biological systems.
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Jump into the conversation:
(00:00) Intro
(01:54) How the MCAT asks questions about functional groups
(02:01) Physical vs. chemical properties
(04:09) Alcohols: Structure and classification
(06:13) MCAT questions related to the physical properties of alcohols
(10:03) MCAT question examples related to boiling points
(11:54) Biological reactions involving alcohols
(34:23) Reactivity of carbonyl-containing functional groups
Learning and memory are foundational concepts that play a critical role in acing the MCAT, especially in the Psych/Soc section.
In this episode, host Sam Smith discusses the key concepts of learning and memory, covering the brain structures involved in memory formation, like the hippocampus and amygdala, as well as the different types of memory—explicit, implicit, and working memory. Sam also explores types of learning, including latent learning, observational learning, and the essential principles of classical and operant conditioning, and more.
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Jump into the conversation:
(00:00) Intro
(01:03) How brain structures support learning and memory
(02:39) The role of memory in learning processes
(03:20) How the information processing model explains memory
(16:28) Types of learning: latent, observational, and conditioning
(17:48) How observational learning works in social contexts
(18:23) Overview of classical and operant conditioning
(34:44) MCAT Advice of the Day
A foundational part of the MCAT, light and optics bridge the gap between physics and biology, making them vital for your exam preparation.
In this episode, Sam Smith breaks down the fundamentals of light, covering both its wave and particle properties. From the energy of photons and the photoelectric effect, to wave behavior and the principles of refraction and reflection, Sam simplifies complex concepts to help you grasp key equations and principles. You'll also learn about lenses, ray tracing, and the real-life applications of polarization.
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Jump into the conversation:
(00:00) Intro
(01:03) Introduction to light and optics
(03:10) How photons carry energy
(05:34) The photoelectric effect and its significance
(17:47) Introduction to waves and simple harmonic motion
(18:46) Longitudinal vs. transverse waves explained
(21:47) Constructive and destructive interference in wave behavior
(23:40) Polarization, reflection, and refraction in light
(36:40) How lenses and ray tracing work
(44:59) MCAT Advice of the Day
Atomic chemistry is a core component of the MCAT, essential for understanding molecular behavior and periodic trends.
In this episode, host Sam Smith explores key concepts in atomic chemistry, including the intricacies of quantum theory, hybridization, and molecular geometry. You'll gain insights into electron configuration, periodic trends, and the role of quantum numbers in describing electrons. Sam also discusses the significance of nuclear decay, from alpha to beta and gamma decay, and how it impacts atomic structure.
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Jump into the conversation:
(00:00) Intro
(01:48) Understanding atomic orbitals and the planetary model
(04:54) Quantum theory and the wave-particle duality of electrons
(06:52) Types of atomic orbitals
(08:29) Electron configuration and its real-world applications
(12:24) Hund’s Rule and the Pauli Exclusion Principle
(17:45) The four quantum numbers
(22:10) Hybridization and bond formation
(26:14) Molecular geometry and its relevance
(29:44) Ionic vs. covalent bonds and electronegativity
(34:48) Periodic table trends: Atomic radius, electronegativity, and ionization energy
(37:49) Nuclear decay: Half-life and types of decay (alpha, beta, gamma)
(44:46) MCAT advice of the day
In this episode, we explore key topics in genetics, including how sex-linked and autosomal traits are inherited. We'll break down inheritance patterns using real-world examples, like X-linked recessive diseases, and walk through Punnett square problems to show how these traits are passed down.
We also cover the regulation of gene expression, focusing on epigenetic changes such as DNA methylation and how genetic imprinting impacts which genes are expressed. You'll gain insight into transcriptional and post-transcriptional control mechanisms in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, along with the processes of DNA repair that maintain genetic stability.
Finally, we discuss important genetic lab techniques, such as PCR, blotting methods, and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), and how they are used in gene analysis and diagnostics.
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Jump into the conversation:
(00:00) Intro
(01:49) Inheritance patterns
(04:47) Solving X-linked inheritance problems using color blindness
(06:37) Overview of autosomal dominant and recessive traits
(08:08) Monohybrid and dihybrid crosses
(10:40) How epigenetic changes affect gene expression
(18:46) Transcriptional and translational control in prokaryotic operons
(23:03) Enhancers, silencers, and chromatin remodeling
(27:23) Post-transcriptional modifications
(31:52) DNA repair mechanisms
(40:14) Polymerase Chain Reaction
(44:06) What different blotting techniques are used for
(49:28) The FISH technique
(52:01) MCAT Advice of the Day
Mastering the concept of sociological groups can unlock a deeper understanding of how we interact and influence each other. On top of that, social interactions and group dynamics form the backbone of the Psych/Soc section of the MCAT, so mastering this topic is key to a good score.
In this episode, host Sam Smith breaks down the essential topic of sociological groups. You’ll gain a comprehensive understanding of the different types of groups, the dynamics within organizations, bureaucracy, and social networks, and key concepts like groupthink, group polarization, and social loafing. We also explore how these concepts apply to real-world examples, from business partnerships to historical events like the Salem witch trials.
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Jump into the conversation:
00:00 Intro
02:09 Types of social groups and social networks
08:06 Organizations and bureaucracy
10:17 Normative organizations
16:16 Group interactions and dynamics
20:08 Difference between group think and group polarization
27:57 Deindividuation, aka the ‘mob mentality’
31:57 Cultural groups and assimilation
34:22 MCAT Advice of the Day
In this episode, Sam Smith will discuss and help you understand the essential organic chemistry mechanisms and reactions you may encounter when taking the MCAT.
From nucleophilic substitution reactions like SN1 and SN2 to aldol condensation and oxidation and reduction of alcohols, Sam will cover the high-yield topics that are crucial for your test prep. He will also touch on key IR and NMR values that could appear on your exam.
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Jump into the conversation:
(00:00) Intro
(01:42) SN1 and SN2 nucleophilic substitution reactions, mechanisms, and key concepts
(03:18) Carbonyl substitution and addition reactions
(06:12) Introduction to aldol condensation reactions
(07:17) Overview of oxidation and reduction reactions
(10:09) Explanation of Fischer esterification and saponification
(12:51) Summary of elimination reactions (E1 and E2) and their distinguishing features.
(13:38) What numbers to know for IR and NMR
In this episode, we're diving deep into the nuanced aspects of metabolism that are essential yet less prominently featured on the MCAT. We'll cover gluconeogenesis, the pentose phosphate pathway, and ketone body generation—topics that, while subtle, play a crucial role in your comprehensive understanding of biochemistry.
We'll explore how your body manages glucose levels, the functions of NADPH, how glycogen is synthesized and broken down, and the metabolic adaptations during periods of low glucose.
Visit MedSchoolCoach.com for more help with the MCAT.
Jump into the conversation:
(00:00) Intro
(01:54) Pentose phosphate pathway overview
(02:42) Functions of NADPH in the body
(03:35) Difference between NADPH and NADH
(04:34) Key points to know about the pentose phosphate pathway
(07:01) Insulin and glucagon: hormonal regulation of blood glucose
(09:00) Effects of insulin & glucagon on the body
(10:48) Glycogen synthesis & breakdown
(15:51) Glycogen debranching enzyme and breakdown of branched chains
(18:49) Bypassing irreversible steps in glycolysis during gluconeogenesis
(21:19) Regulation of gluconeogenesis
(22:25) Ketogenic amino acids and their role in ketone body formation
(24:04) MCAT advice of the day: reading journal articles
In this episode, we’ll learn the intricate world of biomolecule structure, naming, and function. We'll explore the structural nuances between glucose and fructose and unravel the complexities of glycosidic linkages in sucrose. We'll also examine the vital roles of fatty acids, the composition of triglycerides and phospholipids, and their impact on cell membrane architecture and fluidity. Plus, we discuss cholesterol's bidirectional regulation of membrane stability and the contrasting roles of LDL and HDL in cardiovascular health.
We’ll dive into the essential structures and functions of steroids and nucleotides, as well as the fundamentals of DNA and RNA structure and the importance of ATP. We'll also look at the unique properties of sphingolipids, glycerophospholipids, and signaling molecules like eicosanoids.
So, tune in as we break down these critical biomolecules that form the foundation of life and are essential knowledge for the MCAT exam.
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Jump into the conversation:
(00:00) Intro
(01:03) Overview of Biomolecule Structure and Importance
(02:37) Steroid Structure and Function
(06:36) Nucleotide Structure and Function
(12:02) DNA Structure and Bonding
(16:30) Carbohydrate Structure
(19:53) Disaccharides and Polysaccharides
(24:47) Fatty Acids and Phospholipids
(28:57) Cholesterol and Its Role in Membrane Fluidity
(31:27) Sphingolipids and Their Functions
(33:02) Eicosanoids: Signaling Molecules
(38:12) Heme Groups and Their Functions
(41:12) Molecule Entry into Cells
(44:12) MCAT Advice of the Day