The ocean, calm and deceptive beneath the rising sun, stretched from the southern tip of Italy to the distant props of Sicily, a liquid trace that would soon carry Rome’s intentions beyond the promontory. For decades, the Italian Republic had concentrated inward, conquering Samnites, subduing Lucanians and Bruttians, and integrating the Greek metropolises of Magna Graecia. Its legions, forged in the gauntlet of Pyrrhus’s juggernauts, had come the backbone of a chastened, adaptable military force. Yet the world beyond Italy remained a complex shade of power, wealth, and ambition. Carthage, with its lines patrolling the western
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