In this episode, we take a deep dive into non–anion gap metabolic acidosis (NAGMA) and renal tubular acidosis (RTA)—topics that are high-yield for exams and essential for clinical reasoning. We break down the different types of RTA (Type I, II, and IV), walk through the full differential diagnosis for NAGMA, and explain how to distinguish these entities using labs you’re likely to see on test day. You’ll also learn the core treatment strategies for each type of RTA and review classic associations and buzzwords that commonly show up on board questions. Whether you’re studying for exams or solidifying your acid–base fundamentals, this episode will help you turn a confusing topic into a clear, testable framework.