An introductory overview of accounting principles and practices, focusing on the dual-entry system. They explain the fundamental accounting equation (Assets = Liabilities + Equity) and introduce the purpose and structure of T-accounts, which are used to track account increases and decreases through debits (left side) and credits (right side). The texts detail the rules for debits and credits across different account types, such as how expenses and assets typically increase with a debit, while liabilities, equity, and revenues increase with a credit. Furthermore, the documents differentiate between Income Statements (measuring performance over time, calculating net income from revenues and expenses) and Balance Sheets (showing financial position at a single point in history) and introduce key concepts like the accrual basis and the matching concept.

A comprehensive introduction to financial accounting, specifically focusing on the balance sheet and its core components: assets, liabilities, and equity. It defines key concepts such as the accounting equation and various accounting concepts like the entity concept and going-concern concept, illustrating these principles with a sample balance sheet for Dachshund’s Doughnuts. The second source consists of excerpts from the website of Zoom, a technology company, showcasing its extensive list of products and services, which are categorized under communication, productivity, and customer experience, and detailing options for various industries and developer tools. Together, the sources present material from two distinct fields: the principles and structure of financial reporting and the diverse offerings of a global software and communications platform.

An extensive summary of key macroeconomic concepts related to international trade. This macroeconomic text details principles like comparative advantage, trade restrictions such as tariffs and quotas, exchange rates including fixed and floating systems, and measures of economic well-being like per capita GDP. 

A comprehensive overview of macroeconomic policy, specifically focusing on fiscal and monetary tools and their application to combat economic issues like inflation and recession, while also detailing a significant real-world economic challenge. Several documents explain fiscal policy as the government's use of taxation and spending to influence the economy, introducing concepts like automatic stabilizers and the multiplier effect. Other sources detail monetary policy, managed by central banks like the Federal Reserve, which uses tools such as setting the federal funds rate and the interest on reserve balances to manage the money supply and achieve a dual mandate of maximum employment and price stability. These policy explanations are framed by discussions on the 2021/2022 global inflation crisis, driven by factors like supply chain disruptions and the war in Ukraine, as well as a specific case study of Brazilian stagflation around 2015, highlighting the difficult trade-offs policymakers face when confronting simultaneous high inflation and high unemployment.

An overview of key macroeconomic concepts, focusing on economic health indicators and the business cycle. Several Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis sources define crucial measurements, such as Gross Domestic Product (GDP), explaining its calculation and the distinction between nominal and real GDP, and the concept of inflation, measured by the Consumer Price Index (CPI). The sources describe the business cycle as the fluctuation in economic activity, detailing phases like expansion and contraction, which can lead to a recession or reach a trough, with the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) responsible for dating these phases. Furthermore, the documents examine unemployment, defining categories like employed, unemployed, and discouraged workers, and calculating the unemployment rate and labor force participation rate using established metrics and graphical representations. Finally, the role of the Federal Reserve in pursuing its dual mandate of maximum employment and price stability to smooth the business cycle and the use of weekly unemployment insurance claims data as a leading economic indicator are also discussed.

An overview of concepts in microeconomics, focusing primarily on market structures and market challenges. It defines the characteristics of perfect competition, including concepts like the break-even and shutdown points for producers, and contrasts it with other market types such as monopolies, oligopolies, and monopolistic competition. A significant portion of the text addresses externalities, explaining both positive and negative effects on uninvolved third parties, and outlines solutions like public regulations and private negotiation under the Coase Theorem. Finally, the document categorizes types of goods based on rivalry and excludability, detailing problems like the free rider problem and the tragedy of the commons, and applies economic concepts to environmental issues such as using a carbon tax or cap-and-trade to address climate change.

An extensive summary of microeconomic principles, focusing on the rational decision-making process using concepts like marginal benefit and marginal cost. It explains how asymmetric information, including adverse selection and moral hazard, can lead to market failures, along with mechanisms like screening and signaling used to combat these issues. Furthermore, the text outlines market dynamics, detailing the factors of production, consumer and producer surplus, and the crucial concept of the production possibilities frontier (PPF) to illustrate opportunity costs. Finally, the source covers elasticity—such as price, cross-price, and income elasticity—to gauge demand responsiveness, and addresses market interventions that cause deadweight loss, along with the concepts of absolute and comparative advantage.

A foundational overview of microeconomics, defining it as the study of how economic units—individuals, households, and firms—make decisions concerning limited resources while seeking to maximize benefits. The first source focuses heavily on the concepts of supply and demand, explaining the laws of supply and demand, how they are plotted on curves and schedules, and the importance of finding market equilibrium. The second source expands on these principles by introducing concepts of utility and elasticity, discussing measures like Price Elasticity of Demand (PED) to quantify how changes in price affect consumer demand. Additionally, the texts explain basic business metrics such as profit, total cost (fixed versus variable), marginal cost, and the goal of profit maximization where marginal revenue equals marginal cost.