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    Top Shows in Arts
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    Crime and Punishment
    Fyodor Dostoevsky
    Crime and Punishment is a novel by Fyodor Dostoevsky that was first published in 1866. By closely examining the internal conflicts of his protagonist, Raskolnikov, Dostoevsky explores themes of guilt and redemption. The novel suggests that redemption is possible only through confession of guilt and an acceptance of personal responsibility for one’s thoughts and actions alike.
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    只剩下钢琴陪我弹了一天
    Marilyn_Hathaway

    钢琴(意大利语:pianoforte)是西洋古典音乐中的一种键盘乐器,有“乐器之王”的美称。由88个琴键(52个白键,36个黑键)和金属弦音板组成。意大利人巴托罗密欧·克里斯多佛利(Bartolomeo Christofori),(1655-1731)在1709年发明了钢琴。
    钢琴音域范围从A2(27.5Hz)至 C5(4186Hz),几乎囊括了音乐体系中的全部乐音,是除了管风琴以外音域最广的乐器。钢琴普遍用于独奏、重奏、伴奏等演出。
    钢琴外文名为Piano,它的全名应叫Pianoforte,意为弱强。由于这件乐器既能发出弱音,又能发出强音,才有了这样一个极为形象的名字。
    后来,也许是为了称呼上的方便,人们将表示强音的forte略去,只保留表示弱音的piano,并沿用至今。
    中文翻译成钢琴,则是因为在鸦片战争后,一些外国商人看到中国的市场潜力,向中国大量出口钢琴,并宣称这是由“钢”制作的琴,所以国人便开始习惯性地称之为“钢琴”了。


    发展历史
    钢琴的前身是拨弦古钢琴,也叫做羽管键琴。它与钢琴的内部原理大致相同,都是在琴体内部装有音板和许多拉紧并列的琴弦。不同的是钢琴的弦槌击弦发音,拨弦古钢琴用羽管制的拨子拨弦发音。
    此外,还有一种与它们同一血统的键盘乐器——击弦古钢琴,它同样是一种装有击弦装置的乐器,用铜制的形槌击弦发音;它的应用范围不如拨弦古钢琴广泛,主要用在当时的贵族家庭中演奏。
    17~18世纪间,拨弦古钢琴在当时的音乐生活中有着相当显赫的地位,可以说是它的全盛时代。
    至18世纪初,欧洲大陆音乐迅速发展,音量弱小的拨弦古钢琴已不能满足当时音乐家们的需要,因而逐渐被音量洪大的钢琴所取代。
    钢琴的发明者是巴尔托洛奥·克里斯托佛利,他是意大利佛罗伦萨美第奇家族的一位乐器制作师。1709年,他以拨弦古钢琴为原形,制作出一架被称为具有强弱音变化的古钢琴。他在钢琴上采用了以弦槌击弦发音的机械装置,代替了过去拨弦古钢琴用动物羽管拨动琴弦发音的机械装置,从而使琴声更富有表现力,音响层次更丰富,并能通过手指触键来直接控制声音的变化。
    在克里斯福里的第一架钢琴出现后的一百年里,拨弦古钢琴仍为人们所应用,但更多的是为演奏特定作品而使用。故以弦槌代替拨弦发音就成为当时键盘乐器的主要特色,亦是钢琴的标志与象征。
    1709年后,克里斯托福里又进一步改革了原来击弦机的结构,他在这部机械中安装了一种与现代击弦机的复震杠杆系统近乎完全一致的启动杠杆,使击弦速度比原来加快了10倍,而且可以快速连续弹奏,音域也增加为4组,可以说这就是现代钢琴的雏形。他的这一发明为以后的钢琴制作师们打开了通往成功之路的大门。但克里斯托福里的发明并没有得到他的意大利同行们及当时演奏家们的注意,却在异乡得到了继承和发展。
    德国管风琴师、制作师戈特弗里德·西尔伯曼,在1730年根据一份绘制极不准确的意大利钢琴草图,借鉴克里斯托福里的发明,制造出德国第一架钢琴。他把这架琴送到音乐大师巴赫那里鉴定,巴赫却不屑一顾,只是说道:触键太重,高音音色太弱。但他还提出了一些建议。在采用了巴赫的建议之后,于1747年又加以革新。同年,巴赫在波茨坦进宫晋见腓特烈大帝时弹奏了西尔曼的新型钢琴。西尔曼对钢琴改革的主要贡献在于对钢琴制音器的运用。他利用手动音拴使全部制音器离弦,以使钢琴的音响效果更丰富并具有一种神秘的色彩。
    至18世纪中叶,人们对钢琴的制作工艺实行革新,以使其演奏性能日益完善。这一时期,西尔伯曼及其子弟在钢琴的变革中起着主导作用。西尔伯曼的名徒被称为十二弟子,他们分别制造出两种不同风格的钢琴,即维也纳式击弦机钢琴和英国式击弦机钢琴。他们具有不同的机械性能和不同的音响效果,由此形成两大不同的钢琴制作流派。这两种流派,也对当时的音乐家们产生了具有历史意义的影响。维也纳式击弦机钢琴的键盘触感较轻,能够弹出快速的音符,音色变化细微,在与管弦乐队协奏时,音色对比清晰。这正符合莫扎特温文尔雅又富有歌唱性的快板的音乐需要。
    约翰内斯·楚姆佩是西尔伯曼的名徒之一,他于1760年来到英国,成为钢琴制作师,他的产品被称为英国式击弦机钢琴。这种钢琴触键感觉较重,但声音浑厚深沉,正适合于克莱门蒂那坚实有力的音乐风格。莫扎特和克莱门蒂当时是名声同噪的钢琴演奏家,由于他们演奏风格的不同,他们分别使用结构各异的维也纳式和英国式钢琴。
    1768年,J.C.在英国演出,这是钢琴第一次用于独奏乐器。
    1789年1月,莫扎特和克莱门蒂在维也纳奥国国王的王宫里举行了世界上第一次钢琴演奏比赛,成为轰动一时的大事。这次比赛对提高钢琴在诸乐器中的地位起了重要的作用。
    现代的三角平台钢琴样式,是由斯坦威钢琴厂设计定型,并于1876年首次投放市场。

    乐器特点
    现代钢琴的音域宽广,音色多变,表现力极为出色,不但可以作为独奏、重奏、合奏和伴奏乐器使用,也是音乐创作和听觉训练中必不可少的基础乐器之一,因此,钢琴也被称为“乐器之王”。


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    钢琴谱、简谱,在我微博搜曲名。


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