Geologists in the United States have focused closely this week on rapid landscape change driven by both earthquakes and volcanoes, as well as new insights into long term climate and resource risks. In Alaska, the United States Geological Survey reports that a magnitude seven point zero earthquake beneath Hubbard Glacier on December sixth triggered hundreds of landslides and snow avalanches across the Saint Elias Mountains, spanning southeast Alaska and into Canada. Preliminary remote sensing and a Yukon Geological Survey reconnaissance flight show slopes stripped of snow and rock, highlighting how seismic shaking in glaciated terrain can rapidly remodel valley walls and potentially dam streams or alter sediment delivery downstream.

Farther south in Hawaii, the United States Geological Survey Hawaiian Volcano Observatory continues to track the ongoing summit eruption of Kilauea. A new map released December twenty second shows that lava within Halemaumau crater now averages about sixty eight meters thick, with maximum thickness exceeding one hundred sixty meters, filling nearly four hundred hectares of the summit basin. A monitoring overflight on December second captured spattering lava deep in the north vent and bright yellow native sulfur deposits produced by degassing sulfur dioxide and hydrogen sulfide. These measurements document how quickly magma is rebuilding the summit floor that collapsed in twenty eighteen, offering a real time laboratory for understanding caldera infilling and gas driven mineral formation.

On the continental United States mainland, concern is rising over the stability of land and water resources. A recent Geological Society of America news release highlights that parts of the Willcox Basin in southern Arizona are sinking rapidly due to groundwater withdrawal, with subsidence threatening infrastructure and altering drainage. At the same time, another GSA release warns that drainage from abandoned coal mines could represent a significant and under counted source of carbon emissions, linking classic economic geology with climate change science.

Looking at Earths future, ScienceDaily reports new research identifying a missing feedback in the global carbon cycle that could cause warming driven by fossil fuel emissions to overshoot and, paradoxically, help push the planet toward a future ice age on geologic time scales. In Washington, the Interior Department and the United States Geological Survey have issued an expanded twenty twenty five critical minerals list, now including sixty minerals such as copper, uranium, metallurgical coal, and phosphate, underscoring how geologic supply, national security, and clean energy transitions are tightly intertwined. Worldwide, major conferences from the American Geophysical Union meeting in New Orleans to international geology and geophysics gatherings in Europe, Asia, and Africa are weaving these themes together, emphasizing that from sudden earthquakes to slow subsidence, geology remains central to understanding and managing a changing planet.

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The United States Geological Survey issued its final 2025 List of Critical Minerals on November seventh, expanding the roster to sixty key materials essential for national security, supply chains, and industry. According to the USGS announcement, this update responds to the Energy Act of 2020 and incorporates executive orders on unleashing American energy and reinvigorating clean coal, adding uranium, metallurgical coal, potash, silicon, copper, silver, rhenium, lead, and retaining boron, arsenic, tellurium, and phosphate after interagency reviews from Defense, Energy, Agriculture, and others. The methodology, detailed in USGS Open-File Report 2025-1047, analyzed over twelve hundred disruption scenarios across eighty-four commodities and four hundred two industries, prioritizing economic impacts from foreign trade risks and single-point domestic failures. Interior Secretary emphasized the list's dynamic nature, with biennial updates planned based on supply shifts, demand, and policy.

In Hawaii, Kilauea volcano's summit eruption paused as of December seventeenth, per the USGS Hawaiian Volcano Observatory notice. Intermittent glow persists in the south vent of Halemaumau crater, with tremor spikes, following spattering lava observed deep in the north vent on December second during an overflight. Yellow sulfur deposits surround the vents, formed when sulfur dioxide and hydrogen sulfide gases react and cool at the surface, as captured in USGS video by geologist K. Mulliken. Eruption activity continued through December sixteenth, highlighting ongoing monitoring in the islands.

A UMass Amherst and Massachusetts Geological Survey study released December sixteenth reveals ocean sediments are vital for northeastern United States salt marshes to survive sea-level rise. Researchers describe it as a wake-up call on oceans' role in delivering sediments that help marshes keep pace with rising waters along coasts from Maine to Virginia.

At the American Geophysical Union Annual Meeting in New Orleans this week, volcanologist Pavel Izbekov from the Alaska Volcano Observatory presented research on crystal clusters in magma from Bogoslof volcano's 2016-2017 eruptions. Diffusion chronometry in clinopyroxene, plagioclase, and amphibole crystals dated a critical decompression event to early March 2017, matching seismic and sulfur dioxide spikes, offering a new tool to forecast eruptions by reading magma history in mineral zones.

These developments underscore emerging patterns: bolstered domestic mineral strategies amid global risks, persistent volcanic hazards in the Pacific, coastal resilience tied to ocean dynamics, and advancing crystal-based eruption predictions, all shaping United States geology priorities.

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In the past week, geological activity in the United States has centered on volcanic unrest and a major earthquake, highlighting ongoing hazards in volcanic hotspots and tectonically active regions. Kilauea volcano on Hawaii's Big Island continues its summit eruption, which began last December and remains active. U.S. Geological Survey reports from December 13 indicate the eruption paused after episode 38, with models forecasting episode 39 between December 22 and 27. Precursory lava overflows could start anytime from vents in Halemaumau crater, where inflation rates and gas pistoning signal building pressure. On December 2, observatory overflights captured spattering lava deep in the north vent, surrounded by yellow native sulfur deposits formed from reacting volcanic gases. The volcano alert level stays at watch, with east rift zone emissions low.

Across the Pacific in Alaska, Great Sitkin volcano on the Aleutian Islands maintains its continuing eruption, as detailed in Volcano Discovery's December 12 update. Low-level explosive and effusive activity persists, producing ash plumes and lava flows, consistent with patterns at this remote hotspot volcano since 2021.

Yellowstone Volcano Observatory's December update contrasts these events with the Yellowstone Caldera system's normal background activity. November saw 251 earthquakes, the largest magnitude 3.2, amid slight subsidence and diminished Steamboat Geyser activity. Both Kilauea and Yellowstone stem from fixed hotspots driving magma plumes, but oceanic crust in Hawaii allows fluid basaltic eruptions, while thick continental crust at Yellowstone favors explosive rhyolitic events.

A significant seismic event struck on December 6, when a magnitude 7.0 oblique-slip earthquake hit 6 miles below Hubbard Glacier in Alaska's St. Elias Mountains, 55 miles north of Yakutat. U.S. Geological Survey notes it triggered landslides and snow avalanches, underscoring risks in glaciated terrains prone to rapid mass wasting.

Emerging patterns reveal steady unrest at U.S. hotspots, with Kilauea episodes accelerating and Alaska facing compounded volcanic-seismic threats. Globally, 44 volcanoes show continuing eruptions per the Smithsonian USGS Weekly Volcanic Activity Report ending December 9, but U.S. sites dominate recent domestic headlines, emphasizing vigilant monitoring amid climate-influenced glacier dynamics and mineral resource shifts like the USGS expanded 2025 critical minerals list including uranium and metallurgical coal.

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In the United States, geologists are closely watching Hawaii, where the US Geological Survey Hawaiian Volcano Observatory reports renewed inflation and gas driven tremor beneath the summit of Kilauea volcano on the Island of Hawaii. According to the observatorys December 5 daily update, lava remains visible in both the north and south vents within Halemaumau crater, with vigorous spattering and gushing gas flames indicating magma standing high in the conduit, and models suggest the next eruptive fountain episode, numbered thirty eight in the current sequence, is likely to begin between December six and eight. A December two monitoring overflight documented incandescent lava deep in the north vent and bright yellow native sulfur deposits forming around the vents as sulfur rich gases cool at the surface, underscoring the intense degassing that continues even between major outbursts, as shown in video released by the survey this week.

Farther north in Alaska, the US Geological Survey and Volcano Discovery report that Great Sitkin volcano in the Aleutian arc continues its low level eruption, with slow lava effusion building a thick lava dome in the summit crater and occasional small explosions sending ash a short distance from the vent, a reminder that the North Pacific remains one of the most volcanically active air routes on Earth. These parallel activities at Kilauea and Great Sitkin fit into a broader global pattern summarized in the most recent Smithsonian Institution Global Volcanism Program weekly report, which lists twenty nine volcanoes worldwide with confirmed eruptions in the week ending December two, including frequently active systems such as Etna in Italy, Merapi in Indonesia, and Popocatepetl in Mexico, demonstrating that roughly forty to fifty volcanoes are typically in intermittent eruption at any given time.

Beyond active volcanism, new research emerging this week in outlets such as Science Daily highlights how ancient geological records inform present day hazards. One study uses three point three billion year old zircon crystals to show that Earths early crust and mantle were far more dynamic than once thought, implying that modern style plate tectonics and the recycling of crustal material began very early in our planets history, which helps explain why todays continents host rich ore deposits, geothermal systems, and long lived fault zones. In the American Southwest, recent Geological Society of America communications on land subsidence in Arizonas Willcox Basin, driven by intensive groundwater withdrawal, are resonating with current concerns over how human activity is reshaping the geology of arid regions, effectively lowering land surfaces and subtly altering local seismic and flooding risk.

In New Mexico, New Mexico Tech announced on December three that it and the state Bureau of Geology have received a two point five million dollar United States Department of Energy grant to establish a research hub for critical minerals, reflecting a strategic shift in United States geoscience toward locating, characterizing, and responsibly extracting elements like lithium, rare earth elements, and copper that are essential for renewable energy technologies and national security. Mining News North reports that United States Geological Survey leadership is simultaneously championing domestic exploration for these critical minerals, pointing to a newly updated 2025 national critical minerals list that now includes sixty minerals and materials considered vital to the economy and defense, a move that ties subsurface mapping, structural geology, and geochemistry directly to energy transition policy.

Internationally, the Geological Society of London and partners hosted an early December conference on the global challenge of sand mining, emphasizing that sand, after water, is the planets most used resource and that unregulated extraction from rivers and coasts is reshaping...

Recent geological events across the United States reveal heightened volcanic activity and significant shifts in Earth's subsurface dynamics. Hawaii's Kilauea volcano remains at the center of attention, with Episode 37 of its ongoing Halemaʻumaʻu eruption beginning on November 25th. The eruption features sustained lava fountains approximately 400 feet in height erupting from the north vent, with fountain heights increasing rapidly. According to the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, past episodes have produced incandescent lava fountains exceeding 1000 feet high that generate eruptive plumes reaching 20,000 feet above ground level. The observatory noted that winds are blowing from the northeast direction, suggesting volcanic gas emissions and material may distribute toward the southwest. Seismic tremor increased significantly before this episode began, and summit tilt switched from inflation to deflation. The aviation color code for Kilauea remains at Orange, indicating heightened volcanic activity.

In the western continental United States, volcano monitoring networks detected important changes at multiple sites. California's monitored volcanoes including Mount Shasta show normal background earthquake activity and deformation patterns. Meanwhile, the Cascade Range experienced a shift when eruptive activity paused following the end of lava fountaining on Tuesday, November 25th. Scientists observed moderate glow from the south vent overnight along with tremor spikes suggesting gas pistoning at depth within the vents.

Yellowstone Caldera in Wyoming presents a different geological story. According to the Yellowstone Volcano Observatory's November monitoring update, caldera activity remains at background levels with 180 located earthquakes in October, the largest measuring magnitude 3.7. Four distinct earthquake swarms occurred throughout the month, with one swarm near Mammoth Hot Springs producing 42 earthquakes during late October. More significantly, continuous GPS stations recorded the resumption of long-term subsidence in mid-October after the seasonal deformation signal ended. This subsidence has been ongoing since 2015, indicating Yellowstone's continued geological dynamism despite stable surface conditions.

Beyond the continental United States, an undersea volcano near Oregon shows signs of impending eruption. Axial volcano's surface has ballooned to nearly the same height as it reached before its last eruption in 2015, a sign that magma has accumulated underground and built pressure. Scientists describe this development as a significant forecasting success, with increased seismic activity indicating moving magma beneath the seafloor.

These concurrent volcanic and seismic events underscore the dynamic nature of North American geology and the critical importance of continued monitoring to understand Earth's evolving subsurface processes.

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A major focus in recent United States geology news is the ongoing effort by the United States Geological Survey to better understand the nation’s critical mineral resources. As announced by the US Geological Survey earlier this week, thirteen states including Nevada, Montana, and Minnesota are participating in joint projects to map and inventory minerals found in both current and historic mine wastes. This initiative is designed to secure domestic sources of minerals essential for technology, defense, and energy industries. The United States Geological Survey also released updated assessments of oil and gas reserves in both the Phosphoria Total Petroleum System and the Niobrara Formation, underscoring the significant, still undiscovered energy potential in southwest Wyoming and northwest Colorado, with estimates exceeding a combined six trillion cubic feet of natural gas and more than 700 million barrels of oil.

Recent headlines are highlighting an extraordinary discovery beneath the Appalachian Mountains. According to ScienceDaily, researchers have identified a colossal heat blob, a remnant of tectonic activity that split Greenland from North America about 80 million years ago, still migrating slowly beneath the United States. This finding offers new insights into the deep geologic history and mantle dynamics of the region, which may help explain seismic and geothermal anomalies observed along the Appalachians.

In volcanic activity, the United States Geological Survey’s Alaska Volcano Observatory reported continued eruption at Great Sitkin Volcano in Alaska. While no significant ashfall on nearby communities was recorded, this ongoing eruption is closely monitored due to its potential impact on air travel and local ecology. Globally, the Kamchatka Peninsula’s Bezymianny volcano remains highly active, with significant eruptions sending ash plumes several kilometers into the atmosphere, as noted by Volcano Discovery.

Significant sinking of land continues in Arizona’s Willcox Basin, according to the Geological Society of America. This phenomenon, known as subsidence, is linked to prolonged groundwater extraction and serves as a warning for other arid southwestern regions facing similar stress on aquifers.

On the international stage, geology communities recently gathered at the International Professional Geology Conference in Spain, focused on advancing geosciences for planetary challenges like resource management and climate change. UNESCO’s General Conference also emphasized the role of geoparks and education in disaster risk reduction.

Collectively, these new findings emphasize emerging patterns in American geology, including the critical need to balance resource extraction with long-term environmental stability, the importance of international scientific collaboration, and mounting attention to geologic hazards posed by both natural processes and human activity. Insightful advances in mapping deep Earth structures, tracking volcanic and seismic activity, and devising strategies for sustainable mineral exploitation remain central themes shaping the science of geology in the United States and beyond.

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Geology news this week in the United States has been dominated by new volcanic activity, advances in natural resource assessments, and ongoing research on Earth’s dynamic systems. The United States Geological Survey reported that the Kilauea volcano in Hawaii remains active. On November seventeenth, Observatory staff conducted fieldwork inside the closed area of Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. They observed fresh evidence of hazards left by the recent episode of vigorous lava fountaining. This activity underlines Kilauea’s status as one of the world’s most closely monitored volcanoes. According to VolcanoDiscovery and the USGS, the eruption continues with intermittent explosive and effusive activity, maintaining elevated risk levels for the region’s inhabitants and park infrastructure.

Elsewhere, the Smithsonian Global Volcanism Program noted that both Kilauea in Hawaii and Great Sitkin in the Aleutian Islands remain in a continuing eruptive state. The Smithsonian points out that globally, forty-four volcanoes are currently classified as in eruption, with approximately twenty showing daily activity at any time. Worldwide, major volcanic events include continuing eruptions at Italy’s Mount Etna, Indonesia’s Semeru and Ibu volcanoes, and Guatemala’s Fuego. These highlight geothermal instability not only in the United States but across volcanic belts worldwide, reflecting persistent geological hazards and research opportunities.

Beyond volcanoes, resource geology made headlines as the United States Geological Survey announced significant progress in mineral and energy resource assessments. On November twentieth, the USGS revealed new estimates for the Niobrara formation, stretching across southwestern Wyoming and northwestern Colorado. This assessment indicates approximately seven hundred three million barrels of oil and nearly six trillion cubic feet of gas may be undiscovered in this unit. A similar report for the Phosphoria system, also spanning Wyoming and Colorado, details an estimated three million barrels of oil and over six hundred billion cubic feet of gas. These studies reflect the current government and scientific focus on boosting domestic energy and mineral supplies, particularly from older and inactive mine sites.

Meanwhile, the ongoing melting of glaciers continues to concern geologists worldwide. ScienceDaily describes new findings on how hidden underwater waves, driven by iceberg calving in Greenland, are accelerating glacial melt at an unprecedented rate. Satellite studies further reveal that the Hektoria Glacier in Antarctica underwent the fastest recorded modern ice retreat, demonstrating the rapid sensitivity of ice sheets to oceanic and atmospheric changes.

November also marked the tenth anniversary of the UNESCO Global Geoparks initiative. As highlighted by the Global Geoparks Network, these parks continue to play a crucial role in conserving the planet’s geological heritage and supporting research, education, and sustainable tourism, both in the United States and globally. The recent developments underscore geology’s vital role in hazard monitoring, resource management, and environmental stewardship, with American scientists and agencies at the forefront of these efforts.

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In recent days, geological activity and research in the United States have featured significant developments. According to the United States Geological Survey, Kilauea Volcano in Hawaii remains in a pause phase, but visible gas emissions and summit inflation signal that another episode of fountaining is likely imminently. The current eruption, which has been ongoing since December 2024, has displayed a pattern of episodic lava fountains lasting from a few hours to over a week, with pauses between episodes allowing magma chambers to recharge. Forecasts suggest the next active phase could occur between late November and the final week of the month. On the mainland, the Cascade Range volcanos show similar low-intensity activity, with ongoing glow noted at vents, intermittent slumping at crater rims, and low-level tremors associated with volcanic gas movements. These volcanoes remain under observation due to the possibility of renewed activity.

The U.S. Geological Survey also highlighted recent seismic activity in the Geysers geothermal region of California, reporting 111 earthquakes above magnitude 1 in the last week, the largest at magnitude 2.9. Meanwhile, Yellowstone Caldera remains at normal background activity levels but continues to subside, reflecting a long-term trend observed since 2015. Deformation measurements indicate the end of the seasonal uplift caused by snowmelt, with subsidence resuming as expected for this time of year.

Elsewhere in the United States, new assessments of energy resources attract attention. The United States Geological Survey released fresh estimates for the Niobrara Formation and the Phosphoria Petroleum System, concentrated in southwest Wyoming and northwest Colorado. These formations are now estimated to contain 703 million barrels of oil and 5.8 trillion cubic feet of natural gas in the Niobrara, along with 666 billion cubic feet of gas and 3 million barrels of oil in the Phosphoria, indicating ongoing interest in domestic resource potential.

In critical minerals, the U.S. Geological Survey updated its list to include both potassium-rich potash and lithium, reflecting the growing priority of securing domestic supplies for emerging technologies including energy storage and electric vehicles. This update has been welcomed by industry advocates such as American Critical Minerals, who point to the importance of these resources as the United States works toward greater supply independence and renewable energy adoption.

Internationally, a recent breakthrough in Greenland has shed light on how massive hidden underwater waves are rapidly melting glaciers. A research team used a ten kilometer fiber optic cable to reveal how iceberg calving creates submarine tsunamis, stirring up warm seawater and intensifying glacial melt. The finding highlights the interconnected nature of geological and climate processes, echoing global concerns about rapid change in the polar regions. Meanwhile, the tenth anniversary of the UNESCO Global Geoparks program is being marked, with 229 designated sites worldwide now recognized for their geological, educational, and sustainable tourism value, reinforcing a shared focus on heritage protection and conservation.

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In recent days, geology in the United States has taken the spotlight with the U.S. Geological Survey publishing its final 2025 list of critical minerals on November sixth. This list identifies sixty minerals deemed essential for the nation’s economy and security, with a focus on potential supply chain disruptions. According to the U.S. Geological Survey, new additions to the list include boron, copper, lead, metallurgical coal, phosphate, potash, rhenium, silicon, silver, and uranium. The update reflects new data, feedback, and changing industrial and geopolitical needs. Mineral security has become increasingly significant as rare earth elements, vital for smartphones, hard drives, and advanced defense systems, continue to be largely imported.

This renewed attention on critical minerals comes as researchers highlight the need to develop more domestic sources and reduce dependency on imports. The U.S. Geological Survey emphasizes that rare earth elements could cause the highest cost to the American economy if their supply is disrupted. American Critical Minerals, an industry group, welcomed the inclusion of potash and lithium due to their importance for fertilizers and batteries.

Continuing in geological developments, the summit eruption at Kīlauea in Hawaii remains active. The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory reported that by November thirteenth, the eruption had reached thirty-six episodes of lava fountaining since it began in December of last year. These ongoing volcanic events allow scientists to study eruption dynamics and gas emissions, informing not only local hazard assessments but also global models of volcanic activity.

Elsewhere, landmark geology research was highlighted in reports from ScienceDaily. On November fourteenth, researchers in Greenland used advanced fiber-optic technology to track how iceberg calving produces hidden underwater waves. These waves rapidly melt glacier faces and are reshaping our understanding of ice loss and rising sea levels. Meanwhile, scientists in Antarctica recently analyzed six million-year-old ice, providing the oldest direct record of Earth’s ancient atmosphere and climate. This discovery details dramatic cooling trends and offers vital clues to greenhouse gas variations over the ages.

Seismic activity continues to be a pressing topic. ScienceDaily notes new research into the triggers of earthquakes in regions once thought stable, such as Utah. Studies reveal that long-dormant faults may reactivate due to natural processes and human activities. In the Pacific Northwest, seismic data show the oceanic plate breaking into fragments, forming microplates and suggesting a slow, stepwise collapse of the subduction zone. This could have implications for earthquake preparedness and hazard estimation throughout the American West.

Internationally, geologists gathered in Zaragoza, Spain from November fifth to seventh for the fifth International Professional Geology Conference. Attendees discussed pressing challenges, including geological hazards, mineral sustainability, and professional development. This global knowledge exchange highlights the interconnected nature of geoscience, as the United States and other nations respond to evolving resource risks and natural hazards.

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Recent developments in geology reveal significant findings about Earth's dynamic systems and critical mineral resources. The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory reported that Episode 36 of the ongoing Halemaʻumaʻu eruption at Kīlauea ended on November 9 after approximately five hours of high lava fountains. The south vent produced fountains reaching about 1,200 feet in height while the north vent reached approximately 750 feet. Following the eruption, scientists observed only minor glow from the south vent overnight, with both vents fuming the next morning. Sulfur dioxide emissions remained at background levels between 1,200 and 1,500 tonnes per day. Observatory analysis suggests the next eruptive episode is at least a week away, with more than one week likely before fountaining resumes based on the amount of deflation observed during this episode. The current eruption, which began on December 23, 2024, has been characterized by episodic lava fountaining not observed in any eruptions since the 1983 to 1986 episodic fountains at the beginning of the Puʻuʻōʻō eruption.

On the national minerals front, the U.S. Geological Survey released an updated critical minerals list on November 6. Uranium has been reinstated to the list after being excluded from the 2022 version, bringing the total number of critical minerals to 60. This reinstatement reflects growing nuclear energy demands in the United States. Meanwhile, researchers have identified a significant issue with American resource management. Scientists discovered that the United States already mines all the critical minerals needed for energy, defense, and technology, yet most are being discarded as mine tailings. Minerals including cobalt, germanium, and rare earth elements are lost in massive amounts during mining operations.

Additional research published in recent weeks revealed new insights into continental geology. Scientists discovered that continents do not merely split at their surfaces but also peel from below, feeding volcanic activity in oceans. Simulations demonstrate that slow mantle waves strip continental roots and push them deep into oceanic regions, explaining previously mysterious patterns of volcanic activity.

International geological conferences are convening this month to address these discoveries and other pressing concerns. The 14th World Conference on Earth Science and Geology is taking place November 13 and 14 in Paris, France, bringing together geologists and earth scientists to discuss climate change, environmental science, and advanced technologies for addressing geological hazards. These converging developments underscore how Earth's geological systems continue to reshape our understanding of planetary processes while presenting both challenges and opportunities for resource management and hazard mitigation.

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In the United States this week, the field of geology saw significant developments tied both to natural phenomena and mineral resource policy. The U.S. Geological Survey has added copper to its official 2025 Critical Minerals List, which now totals sixty minerals considered essential to national security and infrastructure. This move, highlighted by American Pacific Mining and reported by the U.S. Geological Survey, is expected to spur new investment and streamline permitting for domestic copper projects. The policy shift directly targets reducing reliance on foreign sources for key metals used in energy, technology, and defense, with copper joining lithium, silver, zinc, and others as priorities for strengthened domestic supply chains. The U.S. government has already launched four new funding initiatives totaling nearly $1 billion and has begun making direct equity investments in large-scale mining projects, such as a five percent stake in the Thacker Pass lithium project in Nevada. Industry experts expect these policy changes to create positive momentum for U.S.-based operations in regions such as Montana and Alaska, where major copper-gold projects could help meet the growing demand for this versatile metal.

Meanwhile, in Hawaii, the U.S. Geological Survey's Hawaiian Volcano Observatory maintained continuous monitoring of Kilauea Volcano, despite a lapse in federal appropriations. According to the latest daily update, overflows of degassed lava from the north vent persisted during the past twenty-four hours and inflation at the summit continued at a slow rate, suggesting the onset of a new eruptive episode may be imminent between November 8 and 11. These volcanic dynamics underscore the ongoing importance of real-time geological monitoring in hazard preparedness, especially as regional populations and critical infrastructure remain potentially at risk from changes in volcanic behavior.

On the research front, an international breakthrough came from a team working in Antarctica, where scientists have discovered six-million-year-old ice. As reported by ScienceDaily, this ancient ice represents the oldest direct record yet of Earth's atmosphere and climate, providing invaluable data about the planet’s geologic and environmental history in the deep past. These findings further highlight the role geology plays not only in resource management and hazard mitigation, but also in decoding the climatic narrative of our planet.

Internationally, the 5th International Professional Geology Conference just concluded in Zaragoza, Spain, focusing on technological advancements and the future of geological practice, while the upcoming 14th World Conference on Earth Science and Geology in Paris will emphasize sustainable resource management and environmental innovation. As these global gatherings and domestic policy shifts illustrate, geology continues to adapt and expand its reach—bridging scientific discovery, resource security, and international collaboration.

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Yellowstone National Park has seen increased, but still background, seismic activity over the past month. According to the US Geological Survey, scientists recorded 180 earthquakes in October, with the strongest reaching magnitude three point seven near Mammoth Hot Springs on October twenty eighth. Four earthquake swarms were detected throughout the park, but none suggest heightened volcanic risk. Ground deformation measurements show the end of seasonal uplift, with long-term subsidence of the caldera, a pattern ongoing since twenty fifteen, resuming as winter approaches. Minor eruptions of the Steamboat Geyser remain infrequent, indicating a decline in the geyser’s cycle of heightened activity since twenty eighteen, with only two major eruptions recorded so far this year. Other geysers like Valentine and Guardian continue sporadic eruptions, which is considered normal for the region.

Nevada experienced a significant earthquake last Saturday, when a magnitude five point three event struck at a shallow depth of about three point seven miles. According to the United States Geological Survey, this is part of a recent surge in seismic activity in the Basin and Range Province. NASA geologists note that this region is characterized by an expanding and thinning crust, causing frequent earthquakes along hundreds of faults over millions of years. Shallow earthquakes like the one in Nevada are generally felt more strongly at the surface. This pattern highlights why the Basin and Range region is considered one of the most seismically active in the United States.

Moving west, California remains stable on the volcanic front. The California Volcano Observatory reports that monitored volcanoes, including Mount Shasta, Medicine Lake, and Lassen, are all at normal alert levels. Earthquake activity is limited to typical patterns, such as the one hundred and eleven minor earthquakes recorded in the Geysers geothermal area, with the largest registering magnitude three point two.

In Alaska, the Great Sitkin Volcano continues to erupt lava within its summit crater. The Alaska Volcano Observatory notes low seismicity in recent days, with no major explosions recorded since May twenty twenty-one, although monitoring for renewed unrest continues.

Hawaii’s Kilauea Volcano remains active. The volcano’s summit is inflating, and sulfur dioxide gas emissions are at background levels. In October, lava fountains during eruption episode thirty-five reached heights of nearly fifteen hundred feet and produced approximately thirteen million cubic yards of lava, covering about two thirds of Halemaʻumaʻu crater’s floor.

Globally, significant volcanic activity was noted at Ecuador’s Reventador volcano, which is emitting ash plumes, and at several volcanoes in Central America and Indonesia, according to Volcano Discovery. In the United States, however, recent geological events point to ongoing but expected levels of seismic and volcanic activity, with no indications of imminent major eruptions or catastrophic earthquakes at this time.

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Geological activity in the United States has continued to present a varied and dynamic picture in the past week. In Yellowstone National Park, the United States Geological Survey reports that volcanic and seismic activity remains at background levels. There were eighty-seven located earthquakes in September, with the largest being a magnitude three point three event fourteen miles south-southwest of Mammoth Hot Springs. Notably, the usually active Steamboat Geyser has had only two major eruptions in twenty twenty-five, indicating a downturn from the period of frequent activity that began in twenty eighteen. Valentine and Guardian Geysers have shown intermittent eruptions, with Valentine erupting for the first time in over twenty years. A new steam vent also opened in the Mud Volcano area, a site familiar with such events. GPS monitoring in the region continues to show seasonal uplift due to snowmelt and groundwater changes, but the area overall maintains its long-term trend of subtle subsidence according to ongoing measurements by EarthScope Consortium and USGS field engineers.

In Alaska, the Alaska Earthquake Center reports a magnitude two point two earthquake occurring southeast of Girdwood on the night of October thirty-first. The earthquake’s depth was about six miles, and while minor, it reminds researchers of the persistent tectonic activity in Southcentral Alaska driven by the subducting plate boundary that has historically produced much stronger quakes in the region.

Hawaii remains an active center for volcanology. According to the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, the Kilauea volcano recently concluded episode thirty-five of its Halemaumau eruption with seven and a half hours of lava fountaining. Both active vents continue to show incandescence and summit inflation is ongoing, with seismic tremor and gas emissions in the normal range. Eruption models suggest another episode is likely in the window between November fourth and eighth, with the largest fountains in the most recent episode reaching heights of up to one thousand five hundred feet. This ongoing volcanic activity produces significant lava flows, which now cover about two thirds of the crater floor.

Beyond the United States, global geological attention has been focused on marginal seas as highlighted by the recent International Conference on Marine Geology in Guangzhou, China. Experts there discussed the rising impact of sea level changes and coastal management challenges in the face of climate change and rapid urbanization. Meanwhile, October sixth marked International Geodiversity Day worldwide, with events ranging from public walks in Luxembourg’s UNESCO Global Geopark to digital celebrations promoting awareness about the importance of geological variety for environmental resilience. According to recent findings published by ScienceDaily, researchers have also observed a subduction zone actively breaking apart beneath the Pacific Northwest, providing new insight into the forces shaping the continent’s edge and the risk of future major earthquakes. This combination of monitoring, research, and global collaboration underscores the vital role geology plays in helping us understand and adapt to our changing planet.

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Recent developments in geology across the United States have captured global scientific attention. In Hawaii, the Kilauea volcano continues its episodic eruptive activity. The United States Geological Survey reports that the latest episode, known as episode thirty five, ended on October eighteenth after seven and a half hours of continuous lava fountaining. Lava fountains at Kilauea’s south vent reached heights of nearly fifteen hundred feet, while the north vent achieved about eleven hundred feet, the highest recorded during this ongoing eruption. These energetic eruptions produced an estimated thirteen million cubic yards of lava and have covered nearly two thirds of the Halemaʻumaʻu crater floor. Scientists anticipate another eruptive episode is likely in early November, supported by ongoing summit inflation and increased seismic tremor detected at the volcano’s summit. This sustained eruptive behavior has drawn comparisons to the episodic fountains observed during the nineteen eighties Puʻuʻōʻō eruption, highlighting a cyclic pattern of summit deflation followed by rapid inflation as magma chambers recharge.

In the contiguous United States, research activity has focused on the Pacific Northwest, where scientists have for the first time identified a subduction zone actively breaking apart beneath the region. According to ScienceDaily, seismic data reveal the oceanic plate has begun collapsing into fragments and forming microplates, a process that may influence earthquake risk throughout the area. New sediment core analyses from offshore Oregon suggest that megaquakes in the Pacific Northwest may trigger movement along California's San Andreas Fault, revealing links between major geological hazards across state lines. These findings emphasize the interconnected nature of tectonic processes on the West Coast and potential impacts beyond regional boundaries.

Elsewhere in the country, an early morning earthquake was reported in western North Carolina on October twenty-fourth. According to local reports, the quake did not result in significant structural damage or injuries, but it served as a reminder of the seismic risks present even in regions not typically associated with frequent earthquakes.

October also marked International Geodiversity Day, observed globally on October sixth. Events across UNESCO Global Geoparks, including sites in the United States, promoted education and outreach focused on the value and diversity of geological features. International conferences and courses on geoscience, including UNESCO’s training and advisory meetings, have continued to place emphasis on disaster risk reduction, sustainable resource management, and the use of geodiversity in addressing environmental challenges.

Collectively, recent events show a continued high level of volcanic activity in Hawaii, new insights into plate tectonics in the Pacific Northwest, attention to earthquake occurrences in the eastern U.S., and an active global engagement with geodiversity and geoscience education. Emerging patterns highlight the dynamic and interconnected nature of geological processes shaping the United States and the wider world.

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The past week in geology has been marked by significant volcanic activity in the United States, especially at Hawaii’s Kilauea volcano. The United States Geological Survey reported that on October 18, episode thirty five of the ongoing Halemaʻumaʻu eruption ended after more than seven hours of intense volcanic fountaining. Lava fountains from both the north and south vents at the summit reached record heights, with the south vent producing fountains nearly fifteen hundred feet high and the north vent reaching about eleven hundred feet. This eruption episode produced an estimated thirteen million cubic yards of lava, with flows covering approximately two thirds of the Halemaʻumaʻu crater floor. The summit has since shown signs of renewed inflation, suggesting the potential for another eruptive episode within the next two weeks. Following the fountaining events, there were secondary lava flows, tephra fall was reported near Highway eleven, and plume heights soared above sixteen thousand feet. All eruptive activity has so far remained within Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, minimizing immediate risk to local communities, but island residents continue to monitor air quality and ash fallout as a precaution, as reported by the US Geological Survey and local civil defense agencies.

Elsewhere in the United States, California observed its annual Flood Preparedness Week from October eighteen to October twenty five, led by the California Department of Water Resources. The initiative focused on informing the public about flood risks and geology-related disaster preparation, particularly relevant as the state prepares for the winter rainy season.

Globally, earthquake activity remained moderate but notable over the past week. According to Volcano Discovery, the largest earthquake recorded was a magnitude five point eight event off the coast of Hokkaido, Japan, in the North Pacific Ocean. Other moderate earthquakes occurred near active volcanic regions but did not result in significant damage or casualties. Seismic monitoring continues to focus on shallow earthquakes in volcanic zones, underscoring the ongoing relationship between tectonics and volcanism worldwide.

Several major international geology events also unfolded this week. China hosted the International Conference on Marine Geology in Guangzhou from October fourteen to eighteen, focusing on marginal seas and their evolving geological history. Last week, International Geodiversity Day on October sixth and the International Course on UNESCO Global Geoparks in China highlighted the importance of geological diversity and the continued global collaboration in geological research and education.

In summary, recent geological news has been dominated by volcanic activity in Hawaii, earthquake monitoring near global volcanic centers, and international efforts to promote geoscience education and disaster preparedness. Patterns emerging from these events include a heightened awareness of volcanic hazards, the interconnectedness of seismic and volcanic processes, and growing international cooperation to better understand and respond to geohazards in an era of rapid environmental change.

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Across the United States this week, geology remains firmly in the national spotlight with significant conversations and events focusing on sustainable energy, mineral resources, seismic activity, education, and new mapping tools. According to Southern Illinois University, Earth Science Week is underway through October 18, celebrating the theme “Energy Resources for Our Future.” Programming at the Carbondale campus is highlighting how the transition to clean energy depends on securing critical minerals like rare earth elements, cobalt, and lithium, many of which are essential to technologies from smartphones to solar panels and electric vehicles. Experts discussed how the U S faces challenges in both sourcing and sustaining supplies of these minerals, and how innovative fields like agrivoltaics—which entails integrating solar panels with agriculture—could address both energy production and land stewardship in Southern Illinois and beyond. The urgency of expanding renewable energy infrastructure in the Midwest is matched by a public campaign to increase awareness of geological resources, with SIU’s Department of Geology hosting public clinics to help people identify rocks and minerals of local and scientific significance, inviting the broader community to become engaged in geology.

On the national level, the United States Geological Survey has taken major steps this month by releasing a draft of its 2025 List of Critical Minerals. The new methodology, developed in consultation with the U S Department of the Interior, identifies 54 minerals considered essential to the nation’s economic and strategic security, further emphasizing the importance of mineral exploration, recycling, and inventory of both active and abandoned mine sites. In parallel, the USGS unveiled a comprehensive, interactive national geologic map. This digital tool allows researchers and the public to explore detailed geological features across the country, promising to fuel new research and education initiatives.

Meanwhile, geological hazards remain under close observation. Recent minor seismic events were registered in California’s Geysers region, a reminder of the state’s constant tectonic activity according to the Volcanic Discovery earthquake reports. Across the country, International ShakeOut Day brought earthquake preparedness activities to thousands of U S students, especially in the Central United States, where regions such as southern Illinois have a complex seismic history. These drills are part of a growing commitment to seismic safety and awareness.

Globally, significant earthquakes have struck in Costa Rica’s North Pacific Ocean area with a magnitude of 5 point 9, while volcanic activity at Guatemala’s Fuego volcano has been monitored closely with eruptions sending shockwaves and giant boulders skyward, as reported by Volcano Discovery and live video streams.

Returning to developments in research and outreach, the Geological Society of America is convening its annual meeting in San Antonio, Texas, this week, where leaders are addressing the future of field education, the integration of new technology in geoscience, and the need to inspire a new generation of earth scientists. Together, these national and international efforts reflect the interconnected nature of geology, resource management, natural hazards, and education as the United States and the world grapple with both the risks and opportunities beneath our feet.

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Recent days have seen a surge of significant geology news centered on the United States, with Hawaii’s Kilauea volcano being one of the most closely watched subjects. The US Geological Survey’s Hawaiian Volcano Observatory reports that a dramatic episode of lava fountaining ended on October first after more than six hours of activity. The event involved two main vents in Halemaumau crater, with the north vent beginning sustained eruptions that quickly transitioned to dominance by the south vent. The south vent produced vertical lava fountains estimated to reach thirteen hundred feet, creating extensive channelized flows on the crater floor. Deflationary tilt and seismic tremor spikes were recorded throughout the eruption, signifying magma movement, while more than twelve million cubic yards of lava erupted overnight. The continuing inflationary tilt and rhythmic glow from both vents now suggest that another volcanic episode is likely between October seventeenth and twenty-first. These patterns are reminiscent of the episodic fountains marking the start of the Pu’u O’o eruption in the nineteen eighties, and scientists warn that ongoing ground instability and rockfalls around the caldera rim maintain hazardous conditions for anyone near Halemaumau, which has been closed to the public since two thousand seven.

Geologists at Oregon State University, as reported by Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems, have also highlighted fresh concerns along the Cascade Volcanic Arc, stretching from Northern California to British Columbia. Their recent research identified eleven volcanoes on the US west coast as high-threat, focusing special attention on Mount Adams in southern Washington and the nearby Glacier Peak, both of which remain understudied due to logistical challenges. The team emphasized that many volcanoes in the Cascade Arc lack comprehensive seismic and satellite monitoring, and further research is now deemed urgent to better locate magma reservoirs and anticipate eruptions that could disrupt infrastructure and communities.

Earthquake activity continues to be prominent in the United States with one hundred ninety-two tremors of up to magnitude four point five reported on October eleventh, and a notable magnitude three point six earthquake near Tatitlek, Alaska that same day. Globally, a magnitude seven point eight earthquake struck near Kamchatka in far eastern Russia, triggering a tsunami advisory for the region. Such seismic activity underlines the dynamic complexity of tectonic forces driving geology both within and beyond US borders.

Meanwhile, Earth Science Week is being celebrated in the United States and internationally, with events encouraging public engagement and education about geology’s role in addressing energy resources and sustainability. These outreach efforts coincide with International Geodiversity Day on October sixth, promoted by UNESCO, further elevating geology’s visibility in global discussions about natural resource management and disaster preparedness. From erupting volcanoes and earthquake monitoring to worldwide scientific collaboration, geological events this week emphasize both the hazards and the importance of geoscientific research.

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Over the past week, geology news in the United States has focused on volcanic activity, seismic research, and national outreach. The United States Geological Survey reports that the Kilauea volcano in Hawaii remains active and closely monitored. The lava fountaining episode that lasted six hours ended on October first, but incandescence at both the north and south summit vents indicates magma is still close to the surface. Seismic harmonic tremor picked up again on October fourteenth, signaling increased underground movement and suggesting a new eruption episode is likely to begin between October seventeenth and twenty-second. Kilauea’s summit region continues to show inflation, a key precursor to eruptive events, underscoring the importance of continuous monitoring even during lapses in federal appropriations, which currently limit website updates.

Meanwhile, Yellowstone National Park displays typical background activity. The Yellowstone Caldera experienced eighty-seven minor earthquakes in September, the largest being magnitude three point three, about fourteen miles south-southwest of Mammoth Hot Springs. Seismic swarms have occurred, but no major volcanic eruption is expected according to the latest update. The annual summertime uplift and pause in subsidence, driven by snowmelt and groundwater conditions, continues, with the caldera rising by roughly one and a half centimeters since late May. Ongoing sporadic minor eruptions of Steamboat Geyser, along with the first activity in over twenty years from Valentine Geyser, provide further insight into the dynamic hydrothermal system at Yellowstone.

Earth Science Week, celebrated from October twelfth to eighteenth, has drawn attention to earth energy resources and responsible stewardship. Multiple public events, educational workshops, and outreach programs are underway across the country, aiming to engage people of all ages in the science behind energy choices and sustainable resource management. This year’s theme, "Energy Resources for Our Future," highlights the importance of geological knowledge for planning and managing future energy needs and environmental impacts.

Elsewhere in geological research, new studies on fault systems have raised interest about earthquake risks for the US West Coast. Science magazine reports that recent research suggests the Cascadia Subduction Zone and the San Andreas Fault may trigger large quakes in sequence. Such a scenario, a so-called one-two punch, could lead to severe impacts across California and the Pacific Northwest, bringing renewed urgency to preparedness planning and further investigations into fault behavior and seismic hazard assessment.

Finally, the importance of satellite geodesy and remote sensing continues to grow. Major academic and professional meetings this month, including the hybrid GRACE-FO Science Team Meeting in Boulder, Colorado, are driving advances in technology and data sharing that support the ongoing evolution of earthquake and volcano monitoring across the United States and worldwide. These efforts demonstrate the critical role of geology in understanding natural hazards and shaping resilient communities.

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In the United States, recent geological activities have been notable, particularly at Kīlauea Volcano in Hawaii. The U.S. Geological Survey reports that Kīlauea's current eruption is characterized by episodic lava fountaining, with the most recent episode occurring on October first. This episode included lava fountains reaching up to 1300 feet and significant lava flows covering much of the western part of Halemaʻumaʻu. Observations indicate that the summit region continues to inflate, suggesting another fountaining episode is likely between October 17 and 21.

Away from volcanic activity, Earth Science Week 2025 is set to take place from October 12 to 18, focusing on the theme of "energy resources for our future." This event highlights the importance of geoscience in shaping global energy decisions and promoting sustainable practices. It will feature events and discussions across the United States and internationally, emphasizing the role of geology in understanding and managing energy resources.

Globally, significant geological events include the recent Mediterranean and North African Conference (MEDiNA), which took place from September 29 to October 1 in Tunis, Tunisia. This conference covered topics related to sustainable exploration and innovation in the oil and gas industry in the Mediterranean region. Additionally, the 29th Earth Sciences Meeting will be held in Montpellier from October 27 to 31, encompassing a wide range of geoscience subjects and advancements.

A recent study suggests that North American ice sheets played a crucial role in global sea-level rise at the end of the last ice age. This research underscores the complexities of climate systems and the impact of melting ice sheets on sea levels.

Emerging patterns in geological research include increased focus on understanding earth systems, managing energy resources sustainably, and addressing climate-related challenges through geoscience. These developments highlight the vital role of geology in informing decisions about our planet's future.

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Over the past week, significant geological activities and events have been noted both in the United States and worldwide. In the United States, researchers have been investigating the potential for devastating earthquakes along the West Coast, particularly focusing on the San Andreas fault and the Cascadia subduction zone. Recent studies suggest these two major fault zones could trigger back-to-back massive earthquakes, raising concerns about the impact on coastal regions. This research involves analyzing sediment samples from the seafloor to understand past seismic events better.

In Hawaii, the Kilauea volcano has been active, with episode thirty-four of lava fountaining ending on October 1. This episode lasted approximately six hours, with variable weak to moderate incandescence observed from both vents. The volcanic activity resulted in significant lava flows covering a large portion of the Halema'uma'u crater floor. The US Geological Survey continues to monitor the volcano closely, noting that inflationary trends suggest another fountaining episode could occur between October 17 and 21.

On the mainland, this year's Earth Science Week at Southern Illinois University Carbondale will focus on sustainable energy needs and earthquakes. The event includes a Rock and Mineral Clinic, where participants can bring in samples for identification and learn about geology.

Internationally, the Mediterranean and North African Conference (MEDiNA) recently concluded in Tunis, Tunisia. This gathering brought together experts to discuss sustainable exploration and innovation in the Mediterranean region. The conference highlighted advancements in the oil and gas industry, emphasizing the rich geological resources of the area.

October is also marked by Earth Science Week globally, with a focus on energy resources for the future. The Geological Society of London and other organizations are promoting events aimed at understanding and managing Earth's energy needs sustainably.

In the realm of geoscience research, new studies are shedding light on the geological history and potential future events. For instance, researchers have been studying the evolution of continents and the potential for massive earthquakes triggered by interactions between major fault zones. These ongoing studies contribute to a deeper understanding of geological processes and their implications for human societies.

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