In recent days, geological activity and research in the United States have featured significant developments. According to the United States Geological Survey, Kilauea Volcano in Hawaii remains in a pause phase, but visible gas emissions and summit inflation signal that another episode of fountaining is likely imminently. The current eruption, which has been ongoing since December 2024, has displayed a pattern of episodic lava fountains lasting from a few hours to over a week, with pauses between episodes allowing magma chambers to recharge. Forecasts suggest the next active phase could occur between late November and the final week of the month. On the mainland, the Cascade Range volcanos show similar low-intensity activity, with ongoing glow noted at vents, intermittent slumping at crater rims, and low-level tremors associated with volcanic gas movements. These volcanoes remain under observation due to the possibility of renewed activity.

The U.S. Geological Survey also highlighted recent seismic activity in the Geysers geothermal region of California, reporting 111 earthquakes above magnitude 1 in the last week, the largest at magnitude 2.9. Meanwhile, Yellowstone Caldera remains at normal background activity levels but continues to subside, reflecting a long-term trend observed since 2015. Deformation measurements indicate the end of the seasonal uplift caused by snowmelt, with subsidence resuming as expected for this time of year.

Elsewhere in the United States, new assessments of energy resources attract attention. The United States Geological Survey released fresh estimates for the Niobrara Formation and the Phosphoria Petroleum System, concentrated in southwest Wyoming and northwest Colorado. These formations are now estimated to contain 703 million barrels of oil and 5.8 trillion cubic feet of natural gas in the Niobrara, along with 666 billion cubic feet of gas and 3 million barrels of oil in the Phosphoria, indicating ongoing interest in domestic resource potential.

In critical minerals, the U.S. Geological Survey updated its list to include both potassium-rich potash and lithium, reflecting the growing priority of securing domestic supplies for emerging technologies including energy storage and electric vehicles. This update has been welcomed by industry advocates such as American Critical Minerals, who point to the importance of these resources as the United States works toward greater supply independence and renewable energy adoption.

Internationally, a recent breakthrough in Greenland has shed light on how massive hidden underwater waves are rapidly melting glaciers. A research team used a ten kilometer fiber optic cable to reveal how iceberg calving creates submarine tsunamis, stirring up warm seawater and intensifying glacial melt. The finding highlights the interconnected nature of geological and climate processes, echoing global concerns about rapid change in the polar regions. Meanwhile, the tenth anniversary of the UNESCO Global Geoparks program is being marked, with 229 designated sites worldwide now recognized for their geological, educational, and sustainable tourism value, reinforcing a shared focus on heritage protection and conservation.

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In recent days, geology in the United States has taken the spotlight with the U.S. Geological Survey publishing its final 2025 list of critical minerals on November sixth. This list identifies sixty minerals deemed essential for the nation’s economy and security, with a focus on potential supply chain disruptions. According to the U.S. Geological Survey, new additions to the list include boron, copper, lead, metallurgical coal, phosphate, potash, rhenium, silicon, silver, and uranium. The update reflects new data, feedback, and changing industrial and geopolitical needs. Mineral security has become increasingly significant as rare earth elements, vital for smartphones, hard drives, and advanced defense systems, continue to be largely imported.

This renewed attention on critical minerals comes as researchers highlight the need to develop more domestic sources and reduce dependency on imports. The U.S. Geological Survey emphasizes that rare earth elements could cause the highest cost to the American economy if their supply is disrupted. American Critical Minerals, an industry group, welcomed the inclusion of potash and lithium due to their importance for fertilizers and batteries.

Continuing in geological developments, the summit eruption at Kīlauea in Hawaii remains active. The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory reported that by November thirteenth, the eruption had reached thirty-six episodes of lava fountaining since it began in December of last year. These ongoing volcanic events allow scientists to study eruption dynamics and gas emissions, informing not only local hazard assessments but also global models of volcanic activity.

Elsewhere, landmark geology research was highlighted in reports from ScienceDaily. On November fourteenth, researchers in Greenland used advanced fiber-optic technology to track how iceberg calving produces hidden underwater waves. These waves rapidly melt glacier faces and are reshaping our understanding of ice loss and rising sea levels. Meanwhile, scientists in Antarctica recently analyzed six million-year-old ice, providing the oldest direct record of Earth’s ancient atmosphere and climate. This discovery details dramatic cooling trends and offers vital clues to greenhouse gas variations over the ages.

Seismic activity continues to be a pressing topic. ScienceDaily notes new research into the triggers of earthquakes in regions once thought stable, such as Utah. Studies reveal that long-dormant faults may reactivate due to natural processes and human activities. In the Pacific Northwest, seismic data show the oceanic plate breaking into fragments, forming microplates and suggesting a slow, stepwise collapse of the subduction zone. This could have implications for earthquake preparedness and hazard estimation throughout the American West.

Internationally, geologists gathered in Zaragoza, Spain from November fifth to seventh for the fifth International Professional Geology Conference. Attendees discussed pressing challenges, including geological hazards, mineral sustainability, and professional development. This global knowledge exchange highlights the interconnected nature of geoscience, as the United States and other nations respond to evolving resource risks and natural hazards.

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Recent developments in geology reveal significant findings about Earth's dynamic systems and critical mineral resources. The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory reported that Episode 36 of the ongoing Halemaʻumaʻu eruption at Kīlauea ended on November 9 after approximately five hours of high lava fountains. The south vent produced fountains reaching about 1,200 feet in height while the north vent reached approximately 750 feet. Following the eruption, scientists observed only minor glow from the south vent overnight, with both vents fuming the next morning. Sulfur dioxide emissions remained at background levels between 1,200 and 1,500 tonnes per day. Observatory analysis suggests the next eruptive episode is at least a week away, with more than one week likely before fountaining resumes based on the amount of deflation observed during this episode. The current eruption, which began on December 23, 2024, has been characterized by episodic lava fountaining not observed in any eruptions since the 1983 to 1986 episodic fountains at the beginning of the Puʻuʻōʻō eruption.

On the national minerals front, the U.S. Geological Survey released an updated critical minerals list on November 6. Uranium has been reinstated to the list after being excluded from the 2022 version, bringing the total number of critical minerals to 60. This reinstatement reflects growing nuclear energy demands in the United States. Meanwhile, researchers have identified a significant issue with American resource management. Scientists discovered that the United States already mines all the critical minerals needed for energy, defense, and technology, yet most are being discarded as mine tailings. Minerals including cobalt, germanium, and rare earth elements are lost in massive amounts during mining operations.

Additional research published in recent weeks revealed new insights into continental geology. Scientists discovered that continents do not merely split at their surfaces but also peel from below, feeding volcanic activity in oceans. Simulations demonstrate that slow mantle waves strip continental roots and push them deep into oceanic regions, explaining previously mysterious patterns of volcanic activity.

International geological conferences are convening this month to address these discoveries and other pressing concerns. The 14th World Conference on Earth Science and Geology is taking place November 13 and 14 in Paris, France, bringing together geologists and earth scientists to discuss climate change, environmental science, and advanced technologies for addressing geological hazards. These converging developments underscore how Earth's geological systems continue to reshape our understanding of planetary processes while presenting both challenges and opportunities for resource management and hazard mitigation.

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In the United States this week, the field of geology saw significant developments tied both to natural phenomena and mineral resource policy. The U.S. Geological Survey has added copper to its official 2025 Critical Minerals List, which now totals sixty minerals considered essential to national security and infrastructure. This move, highlighted by American Pacific Mining and reported by the U.S. Geological Survey, is expected to spur new investment and streamline permitting for domestic copper projects. The policy shift directly targets reducing reliance on foreign sources for key metals used in energy, technology, and defense, with copper joining lithium, silver, zinc, and others as priorities for strengthened domestic supply chains. The U.S. government has already launched four new funding initiatives totaling nearly $1 billion and has begun making direct equity investments in large-scale mining projects, such as a five percent stake in the Thacker Pass lithium project in Nevada. Industry experts expect these policy changes to create positive momentum for U.S.-based operations in regions such as Montana and Alaska, where major copper-gold projects could help meet the growing demand for this versatile metal.

Meanwhile, in Hawaii, the U.S. Geological Survey's Hawaiian Volcano Observatory maintained continuous monitoring of Kilauea Volcano, despite a lapse in federal appropriations. According to the latest daily update, overflows of degassed lava from the north vent persisted during the past twenty-four hours and inflation at the summit continued at a slow rate, suggesting the onset of a new eruptive episode may be imminent between November 8 and 11. These volcanic dynamics underscore the ongoing importance of real-time geological monitoring in hazard preparedness, especially as regional populations and critical infrastructure remain potentially at risk from changes in volcanic behavior.

On the research front, an international breakthrough came from a team working in Antarctica, where scientists have discovered six-million-year-old ice. As reported by ScienceDaily, this ancient ice represents the oldest direct record yet of Earth's atmosphere and climate, providing invaluable data about the planet’s geologic and environmental history in the deep past. These findings further highlight the role geology plays not only in resource management and hazard mitigation, but also in decoding the climatic narrative of our planet.

Internationally, the 5th International Professional Geology Conference just concluded in Zaragoza, Spain, focusing on technological advancements and the future of geological practice, while the upcoming 14th World Conference on Earth Science and Geology in Paris will emphasize sustainable resource management and environmental innovation. As these global gatherings and domestic policy shifts illustrate, geology continues to adapt and expand its reach—bridging scientific discovery, resource security, and international collaboration.

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Yellowstone National Park has seen increased, but still background, seismic activity over the past month. According to the US Geological Survey, scientists recorded 180 earthquakes in October, with the strongest reaching magnitude three point seven near Mammoth Hot Springs on October twenty eighth. Four earthquake swarms were detected throughout the park, but none suggest heightened volcanic risk. Ground deformation measurements show the end of seasonal uplift, with long-term subsidence of the caldera, a pattern ongoing since twenty fifteen, resuming as winter approaches. Minor eruptions of the Steamboat Geyser remain infrequent, indicating a decline in the geyser’s cycle of heightened activity since twenty eighteen, with only two major eruptions recorded so far this year. Other geysers like Valentine and Guardian continue sporadic eruptions, which is considered normal for the region.

Nevada experienced a significant earthquake last Saturday, when a magnitude five point three event struck at a shallow depth of about three point seven miles. According to the United States Geological Survey, this is part of a recent surge in seismic activity in the Basin and Range Province. NASA geologists note that this region is characterized by an expanding and thinning crust, causing frequent earthquakes along hundreds of faults over millions of years. Shallow earthquakes like the one in Nevada are generally felt more strongly at the surface. This pattern highlights why the Basin and Range region is considered one of the most seismically active in the United States.

Moving west, California remains stable on the volcanic front. The California Volcano Observatory reports that monitored volcanoes, including Mount Shasta, Medicine Lake, and Lassen, are all at normal alert levels. Earthquake activity is limited to typical patterns, such as the one hundred and eleven minor earthquakes recorded in the Geysers geothermal area, with the largest registering magnitude three point two.

In Alaska, the Great Sitkin Volcano continues to erupt lava within its summit crater. The Alaska Volcano Observatory notes low seismicity in recent days, with no major explosions recorded since May twenty twenty-one, although monitoring for renewed unrest continues.

Hawaii’s Kilauea Volcano remains active. The volcano’s summit is inflating, and sulfur dioxide gas emissions are at background levels. In October, lava fountains during eruption episode thirty-five reached heights of nearly fifteen hundred feet and produced approximately thirteen million cubic yards of lava, covering about two thirds of Halemaʻumaʻu crater’s floor.

Globally, significant volcanic activity was noted at Ecuador’s Reventador volcano, which is emitting ash plumes, and at several volcanoes in Central America and Indonesia, according to Volcano Discovery. In the United States, however, recent geological events point to ongoing but expected levels of seismic and volcanic activity, with no indications of imminent major eruptions or catastrophic earthquakes at this time.

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Geological activity in the United States has continued to present a varied and dynamic picture in the past week. In Yellowstone National Park, the United States Geological Survey reports that volcanic and seismic activity remains at background levels. There were eighty-seven located earthquakes in September, with the largest being a magnitude three point three event fourteen miles south-southwest of Mammoth Hot Springs. Notably, the usually active Steamboat Geyser has had only two major eruptions in twenty twenty-five, indicating a downturn from the period of frequent activity that began in twenty eighteen. Valentine and Guardian Geysers have shown intermittent eruptions, with Valentine erupting for the first time in over twenty years. A new steam vent also opened in the Mud Volcano area, a site familiar with such events. GPS monitoring in the region continues to show seasonal uplift due to snowmelt and groundwater changes, but the area overall maintains its long-term trend of subtle subsidence according to ongoing measurements by EarthScope Consortium and USGS field engineers.

In Alaska, the Alaska Earthquake Center reports a magnitude two point two earthquake occurring southeast of Girdwood on the night of October thirty-first. The earthquake’s depth was about six miles, and while minor, it reminds researchers of the persistent tectonic activity in Southcentral Alaska driven by the subducting plate boundary that has historically produced much stronger quakes in the region.

Hawaii remains an active center for volcanology. According to the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, the Kilauea volcano recently concluded episode thirty-five of its Halemaumau eruption with seven and a half hours of lava fountaining. Both active vents continue to show incandescence and summit inflation is ongoing, with seismic tremor and gas emissions in the normal range. Eruption models suggest another episode is likely in the window between November fourth and eighth, with the largest fountains in the most recent episode reaching heights of up to one thousand five hundred feet. This ongoing volcanic activity produces significant lava flows, which now cover about two thirds of the crater floor.

Beyond the United States, global geological attention has been focused on marginal seas as highlighted by the recent International Conference on Marine Geology in Guangzhou, China. Experts there discussed the rising impact of sea level changes and coastal management challenges in the face of climate change and rapid urbanization. Meanwhile, October sixth marked International Geodiversity Day worldwide, with events ranging from public walks in Luxembourg’s UNESCO Global Geopark to digital celebrations promoting awareness about the importance of geological variety for environmental resilience. According to recent findings published by ScienceDaily, researchers have also observed a subduction zone actively breaking apart beneath the Pacific Northwest, providing new insight into the forces shaping the continent’s edge and the risk of future major earthquakes. This combination of monitoring, research, and global collaboration underscores the vital role geology plays in helping us understand and adapt to our changing planet.

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Recent developments in geology across the United States have captured global scientific attention. In Hawaii, the Kilauea volcano continues its episodic eruptive activity. The United States Geological Survey reports that the latest episode, known as episode thirty five, ended on October eighteenth after seven and a half hours of continuous lava fountaining. Lava fountains at Kilauea’s south vent reached heights of nearly fifteen hundred feet, while the north vent achieved about eleven hundred feet, the highest recorded during this ongoing eruption. These energetic eruptions produced an estimated thirteen million cubic yards of lava and have covered nearly two thirds of the Halemaʻumaʻu crater floor. Scientists anticipate another eruptive episode is likely in early November, supported by ongoing summit inflation and increased seismic tremor detected at the volcano’s summit. This sustained eruptive behavior has drawn comparisons to the episodic fountains observed during the nineteen eighties Puʻuʻōʻō eruption, highlighting a cyclic pattern of summit deflation followed by rapid inflation as magma chambers recharge.

In the contiguous United States, research activity has focused on the Pacific Northwest, where scientists have for the first time identified a subduction zone actively breaking apart beneath the region. According to ScienceDaily, seismic data reveal the oceanic plate has begun collapsing into fragments and forming microplates, a process that may influence earthquake risk throughout the area. New sediment core analyses from offshore Oregon suggest that megaquakes in the Pacific Northwest may trigger movement along California's San Andreas Fault, revealing links between major geological hazards across state lines. These findings emphasize the interconnected nature of tectonic processes on the West Coast and potential impacts beyond regional boundaries.

Elsewhere in the country, an early morning earthquake was reported in western North Carolina on October twenty-fourth. According to local reports, the quake did not result in significant structural damage or injuries, but it served as a reminder of the seismic risks present even in regions not typically associated with frequent earthquakes.

October also marked International Geodiversity Day, observed globally on October sixth. Events across UNESCO Global Geoparks, including sites in the United States, promoted education and outreach focused on the value and diversity of geological features. International conferences and courses on geoscience, including UNESCO’s training and advisory meetings, have continued to place emphasis on disaster risk reduction, sustainable resource management, and the use of geodiversity in addressing environmental challenges.

Collectively, recent events show a continued high level of volcanic activity in Hawaii, new insights into plate tectonics in the Pacific Northwest, attention to earthquake occurrences in the eastern U.S., and an active global engagement with geodiversity and geoscience education. Emerging patterns highlight the dynamic and interconnected nature of geological processes shaping the United States and the wider world.

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The past week in geology has been marked by significant volcanic activity in the United States, especially at Hawaii’s Kilauea volcano. The United States Geological Survey reported that on October 18, episode thirty five of the ongoing Halemaʻumaʻu eruption ended after more than seven hours of intense volcanic fountaining. Lava fountains from both the north and south vents at the summit reached record heights, with the south vent producing fountains nearly fifteen hundred feet high and the north vent reaching about eleven hundred feet. This eruption episode produced an estimated thirteen million cubic yards of lava, with flows covering approximately two thirds of the Halemaʻumaʻu crater floor. The summit has since shown signs of renewed inflation, suggesting the potential for another eruptive episode within the next two weeks. Following the fountaining events, there were secondary lava flows, tephra fall was reported near Highway eleven, and plume heights soared above sixteen thousand feet. All eruptive activity has so far remained within Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, minimizing immediate risk to local communities, but island residents continue to monitor air quality and ash fallout as a precaution, as reported by the US Geological Survey and local civil defense agencies.

Elsewhere in the United States, California observed its annual Flood Preparedness Week from October eighteen to October twenty five, led by the California Department of Water Resources. The initiative focused on informing the public about flood risks and geology-related disaster preparation, particularly relevant as the state prepares for the winter rainy season.

Globally, earthquake activity remained moderate but notable over the past week. According to Volcano Discovery, the largest earthquake recorded was a magnitude five point eight event off the coast of Hokkaido, Japan, in the North Pacific Ocean. Other moderate earthquakes occurred near active volcanic regions but did not result in significant damage or casualties. Seismic monitoring continues to focus on shallow earthquakes in volcanic zones, underscoring the ongoing relationship between tectonics and volcanism worldwide.

Several major international geology events also unfolded this week. China hosted the International Conference on Marine Geology in Guangzhou from October fourteen to eighteen, focusing on marginal seas and their evolving geological history. Last week, International Geodiversity Day on October sixth and the International Course on UNESCO Global Geoparks in China highlighted the importance of geological diversity and the continued global collaboration in geological research and education.

In summary, recent geological news has been dominated by volcanic activity in Hawaii, earthquake monitoring near global volcanic centers, and international efforts to promote geoscience education and disaster preparedness. Patterns emerging from these events include a heightened awareness of volcanic hazards, the interconnectedness of seismic and volcanic processes, and growing international cooperation to better understand and respond to geohazards in an era of rapid environmental change.

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Across the United States this week, geology remains firmly in the national spotlight with significant conversations and events focusing on sustainable energy, mineral resources, seismic activity, education, and new mapping tools. According to Southern Illinois University, Earth Science Week is underway through October 18, celebrating the theme “Energy Resources for Our Future.” Programming at the Carbondale campus is highlighting how the transition to clean energy depends on securing critical minerals like rare earth elements, cobalt, and lithium, many of which are essential to technologies from smartphones to solar panels and electric vehicles. Experts discussed how the U S faces challenges in both sourcing and sustaining supplies of these minerals, and how innovative fields like agrivoltaics—which entails integrating solar panels with agriculture—could address both energy production and land stewardship in Southern Illinois and beyond. The urgency of expanding renewable energy infrastructure in the Midwest is matched by a public campaign to increase awareness of geological resources, with SIU’s Department of Geology hosting public clinics to help people identify rocks and minerals of local and scientific significance, inviting the broader community to become engaged in geology.

On the national level, the United States Geological Survey has taken major steps this month by releasing a draft of its 2025 List of Critical Minerals. The new methodology, developed in consultation with the U S Department of the Interior, identifies 54 minerals considered essential to the nation’s economic and strategic security, further emphasizing the importance of mineral exploration, recycling, and inventory of both active and abandoned mine sites. In parallel, the USGS unveiled a comprehensive, interactive national geologic map. This digital tool allows researchers and the public to explore detailed geological features across the country, promising to fuel new research and education initiatives.

Meanwhile, geological hazards remain under close observation. Recent minor seismic events were registered in California’s Geysers region, a reminder of the state’s constant tectonic activity according to the Volcanic Discovery earthquake reports. Across the country, International ShakeOut Day brought earthquake preparedness activities to thousands of U S students, especially in the Central United States, where regions such as southern Illinois have a complex seismic history. These drills are part of a growing commitment to seismic safety and awareness.

Globally, significant earthquakes have struck in Costa Rica’s North Pacific Ocean area with a magnitude of 5 point 9, while volcanic activity at Guatemala’s Fuego volcano has been monitored closely with eruptions sending shockwaves and giant boulders skyward, as reported by Volcano Discovery and live video streams.

Returning to developments in research and outreach, the Geological Society of America is convening its annual meeting in San Antonio, Texas, this week, where leaders are addressing the future of field education, the integration of new technology in geoscience, and the need to inspire a new generation of earth scientists. Together, these national and international efforts reflect the interconnected nature of geology, resource management, natural hazards, and education as the United States and the world grapple with both the risks and opportunities beneath our feet.

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Recent days have seen a surge of significant geology news centered on the United States, with Hawaii’s Kilauea volcano being one of the most closely watched subjects. The US Geological Survey’s Hawaiian Volcano Observatory reports that a dramatic episode of lava fountaining ended on October first after more than six hours of activity. The event involved two main vents in Halemaumau crater, with the north vent beginning sustained eruptions that quickly transitioned to dominance by the south vent. The south vent produced vertical lava fountains estimated to reach thirteen hundred feet, creating extensive channelized flows on the crater floor. Deflationary tilt and seismic tremor spikes were recorded throughout the eruption, signifying magma movement, while more than twelve million cubic yards of lava erupted overnight. The continuing inflationary tilt and rhythmic glow from both vents now suggest that another volcanic episode is likely between October seventeenth and twenty-first. These patterns are reminiscent of the episodic fountains marking the start of the Pu’u O’o eruption in the nineteen eighties, and scientists warn that ongoing ground instability and rockfalls around the caldera rim maintain hazardous conditions for anyone near Halemaumau, which has been closed to the public since two thousand seven.

Geologists at Oregon State University, as reported by Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems, have also highlighted fresh concerns along the Cascade Volcanic Arc, stretching from Northern California to British Columbia. Their recent research identified eleven volcanoes on the US west coast as high-threat, focusing special attention on Mount Adams in southern Washington and the nearby Glacier Peak, both of which remain understudied due to logistical challenges. The team emphasized that many volcanoes in the Cascade Arc lack comprehensive seismic and satellite monitoring, and further research is now deemed urgent to better locate magma reservoirs and anticipate eruptions that could disrupt infrastructure and communities.

Earthquake activity continues to be prominent in the United States with one hundred ninety-two tremors of up to magnitude four point five reported on October eleventh, and a notable magnitude three point six earthquake near Tatitlek, Alaska that same day. Globally, a magnitude seven point eight earthquake struck near Kamchatka in far eastern Russia, triggering a tsunami advisory for the region. Such seismic activity underlines the dynamic complexity of tectonic forces driving geology both within and beyond US borders.

Meanwhile, Earth Science Week is being celebrated in the United States and internationally, with events encouraging public engagement and education about geology’s role in addressing energy resources and sustainability. These outreach efforts coincide with International Geodiversity Day on October sixth, promoted by UNESCO, further elevating geology’s visibility in global discussions about natural resource management and disaster preparedness. From erupting volcanoes and earthquake monitoring to worldwide scientific collaboration, geological events this week emphasize both the hazards and the importance of geoscientific research.

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Over the past week, geology news in the United States has focused on volcanic activity, seismic research, and national outreach. The United States Geological Survey reports that the Kilauea volcano in Hawaii remains active and closely monitored. The lava fountaining episode that lasted six hours ended on October first, but incandescence at both the north and south summit vents indicates magma is still close to the surface. Seismic harmonic tremor picked up again on October fourteenth, signaling increased underground movement and suggesting a new eruption episode is likely to begin between October seventeenth and twenty-second. Kilauea’s summit region continues to show inflation, a key precursor to eruptive events, underscoring the importance of continuous monitoring even during lapses in federal appropriations, which currently limit website updates.

Meanwhile, Yellowstone National Park displays typical background activity. The Yellowstone Caldera experienced eighty-seven minor earthquakes in September, the largest being magnitude three point three, about fourteen miles south-southwest of Mammoth Hot Springs. Seismic swarms have occurred, but no major volcanic eruption is expected according to the latest update. The annual summertime uplift and pause in subsidence, driven by snowmelt and groundwater conditions, continues, with the caldera rising by roughly one and a half centimeters since late May. Ongoing sporadic minor eruptions of Steamboat Geyser, along with the first activity in over twenty years from Valentine Geyser, provide further insight into the dynamic hydrothermal system at Yellowstone.

Earth Science Week, celebrated from October twelfth to eighteenth, has drawn attention to earth energy resources and responsible stewardship. Multiple public events, educational workshops, and outreach programs are underway across the country, aiming to engage people of all ages in the science behind energy choices and sustainable resource management. This year’s theme, "Energy Resources for Our Future," highlights the importance of geological knowledge for planning and managing future energy needs and environmental impacts.

Elsewhere in geological research, new studies on fault systems have raised interest about earthquake risks for the US West Coast. Science magazine reports that recent research suggests the Cascadia Subduction Zone and the San Andreas Fault may trigger large quakes in sequence. Such a scenario, a so-called one-two punch, could lead to severe impacts across California and the Pacific Northwest, bringing renewed urgency to preparedness planning and further investigations into fault behavior and seismic hazard assessment.

Finally, the importance of satellite geodesy and remote sensing continues to grow. Major academic and professional meetings this month, including the hybrid GRACE-FO Science Team Meeting in Boulder, Colorado, are driving advances in technology and data sharing that support the ongoing evolution of earthquake and volcano monitoring across the United States and worldwide. These efforts demonstrate the critical role of geology in understanding natural hazards and shaping resilient communities.

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In the United States, recent geological activities have been notable, particularly at Kīlauea Volcano in Hawaii. The U.S. Geological Survey reports that Kīlauea's current eruption is characterized by episodic lava fountaining, with the most recent episode occurring on October first. This episode included lava fountains reaching up to 1300 feet and significant lava flows covering much of the western part of Halemaʻumaʻu. Observations indicate that the summit region continues to inflate, suggesting another fountaining episode is likely between October 17 and 21.

Away from volcanic activity, Earth Science Week 2025 is set to take place from October 12 to 18, focusing on the theme of "energy resources for our future." This event highlights the importance of geoscience in shaping global energy decisions and promoting sustainable practices. It will feature events and discussions across the United States and internationally, emphasizing the role of geology in understanding and managing energy resources.

Globally, significant geological events include the recent Mediterranean and North African Conference (MEDiNA), which took place from September 29 to October 1 in Tunis, Tunisia. This conference covered topics related to sustainable exploration and innovation in the oil and gas industry in the Mediterranean region. Additionally, the 29th Earth Sciences Meeting will be held in Montpellier from October 27 to 31, encompassing a wide range of geoscience subjects and advancements.

A recent study suggests that North American ice sheets played a crucial role in global sea-level rise at the end of the last ice age. This research underscores the complexities of climate systems and the impact of melting ice sheets on sea levels.

Emerging patterns in geological research include increased focus on understanding earth systems, managing energy resources sustainably, and addressing climate-related challenges through geoscience. These developments highlight the vital role of geology in informing decisions about our planet's future.

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Over the past week, significant geological activities and events have been noted both in the United States and worldwide. In the United States, researchers have been investigating the potential for devastating earthquakes along the West Coast, particularly focusing on the San Andreas fault and the Cascadia subduction zone. Recent studies suggest these two major fault zones could trigger back-to-back massive earthquakes, raising concerns about the impact on coastal regions. This research involves analyzing sediment samples from the seafloor to understand past seismic events better.

In Hawaii, the Kilauea volcano has been active, with episode thirty-four of lava fountaining ending on October 1. This episode lasted approximately six hours, with variable weak to moderate incandescence observed from both vents. The volcanic activity resulted in significant lava flows covering a large portion of the Halema'uma'u crater floor. The US Geological Survey continues to monitor the volcano closely, noting that inflationary trends suggest another fountaining episode could occur between October 17 and 21.

On the mainland, this year's Earth Science Week at Southern Illinois University Carbondale will focus on sustainable energy needs and earthquakes. The event includes a Rock and Mineral Clinic, where participants can bring in samples for identification and learn about geology.

Internationally, the Mediterranean and North African Conference (MEDiNA) recently concluded in Tunis, Tunisia. This gathering brought together experts to discuss sustainable exploration and innovation in the Mediterranean region. The conference highlighted advancements in the oil and gas industry, emphasizing the rich geological resources of the area.

October is also marked by Earth Science Week globally, with a focus on energy resources for the future. The Geological Society of London and other organizations are promoting events aimed at understanding and managing Earth's energy needs sustainably.

In the realm of geoscience research, new studies are shedding light on the geological history and potential future events. For instance, researchers have been studying the evolution of continents and the potential for massive earthquakes triggered by interactions between major fault zones. These ongoing studies contribute to a deeper understanding of geological processes and their implications for human societies.

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Kilauea Volcano in Hawaii has recently captured significant attention in the geological community following an intense six-hour lava fountaining event on October first. According to the US Geological Survey, this was the thirty-fourth episode of the current eruption sequence at Kilauea, with activity peaking when the volcano’s south vent produced fountains estimated to reach as high as one thousand three hundred feet. The eruption covered a large portion of Halemaʻumaʻu crater’s floor with fresh lava flows, and experts are closely monitoring the situation as the summit region shows signs of continued inflation, indicating that additional eruptive episodes could occur within weeks. The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory continues to operate its monitoring equipment despite funding uncertainties, ensuring real-time updates on volcanic hazards for the local community.

Elsewhere in the United States, the Geological Earth Mapping Experiment or GEMx, a collaboration between NASA and the US Geological Survey, has been using high-altitude aircraft to map parts of California, Nevada, Arizona, and New Mexico. Recently, a flight out of Edwards Air Force Base in California deployed advanced sensors to scan for lithium and cobalt, minerals critical to various green technologies. By deploying the Earth Resources 2 aircraft at extreme altitudes, the GEMx mission seeks to offer new insights into the distribution of vital minerals, improve supply chain security, and provide data essential for assessing environmental impacts and supporting sustainable resource development. NASA’s efforts highlight how technology-driven mapping is reshaping mineral exploration and resource management in arid regions of the American West.

On the academic and research front, Penn State has developed a novel forecast tool to predict dangerous volcanic slope collapses, which can trigger deadly tsunamis. This innovation aims to help scientists and emergency managers anticipate ground movement and warn communities near active volcanoes in the United States and worldwide. Scientists point to notorious events like the 1980 Mount Saint Helens disaster and the 2018 Anak Krakatau tsunami as reminders of why better forecasting tools are essential for disaster preparedness and risk reduction efforts.

Looking ahead to later in October, the United States and other countries will celebrate Earth Science Week from October twelfth to the eighteenth, with special days dedicated to minerals, fossils, geologic mapping, and inclusion in geosciences. The US Geological Survey and allied organizations plan to use these events to highlight the importance of geological research for policy, education, and public awareness, especially regarding resource management and hazard resilience. This growing interest in geology both at home and abroad mirrors a global push for sustainable development and increased vigilance regarding natural hazards and resource security.

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Across the United States in the final days of September 2025, geologic monitoring reflected a period of heightened concern for both natural events and resource challenges. In the western states, the United States Geological Survey reported that the Geysers geothermal field south of Clear Lake in California experienced 83 small earthquakes with magnitudes over one point zero, the largest registering two point three. The Sierra Nevada region, south of Mammoth Mountain, had six measurable earthquakes, and minor seismic activity was also seen in the Coso Volcanic Field and near the Salton Buttes. These events, while within typical ranges, reinforce the continuous tectonic movement and volcanic potential characteristic of California’s active geologic zones according to the United States Geological Survey.

The Yellowstone Caldera in Wyoming showed one notable earthquake swarm late in September, consisting of sixteen minor quakes about fourteen miles southwest of Mammoth Hot Springs. Ground deformation data indicates slight uplift since late May, mostly linked to seasonal changes from snowmelt and variations in groundwater, continuing the broader trend of slow subsidence observed since 2015. The Yellowstone Volcano Observatory, a partnership between the United States Geological Survey and several academic agencies, continues to monitor seismicity and ground movement in this geologically significant region, ensuring any early warning for volcanic unrest is available to the public. Overall, Yellowstone’s earthquake and volcanic activity for September remains at background levels as reported by the United States Geological Survey.

On the East Coast, the most impactful geologic news is the severe and ongoing drought affecting nearly the entire Northeast. According to the National Integrated Drought Information System, record-low streamflows and declining groundwater have led to a rapid increase in dry residential and agricultural wells across Vermont and New Hampshire. Many well drillers are overbooked, delaying new wells into the next spring. In addition to the stress on public water supplies, hydropower generation has been sharply curtailed in northern New England. A hazardous algal bloom developed in the Hudson River near Kingston, New York, prompting warnings to avoid consumption of surface water and reports of high sodium content in tap water for the Hudson Valley. New Hampshire’s largest lakes are now well below their seasonal average, with Lake Winnipesaukee nearly eight inches low and Lake Sunapee over seventeen inches beneath full pond. Ninety-two public water systems across the region have imposed outdoor watering restrictions, directly affecting around two hundred thousand people. Wildfire risk remains high, with New Hampshire and Vermont instituting statewide burn bans, and above-average wildfire activity has been reported by the Maine Forest Service.

Globally, geoscientists convened at the World Congress on Geology and Earth Science in Berlin, Germany on September twenty-ninth and thirtieth. This event featured research on geomechanical simulation, environmental geosciences, and geological hazard assessment among other topics, with participants from United States universities presenting work on ground water quality, seismic modeling, and emerging geologic risks, underscoring the frequent interplay between geologic events and human systems in both regional and global settings.

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In the past week, the United States saw several significant developments and discoveries in the field of geology according to the U S Geological Survey. Thirteen states began a collaborative project to better characterize and inventory critical minerals found in both active and abandoned mine waste, an effort aimed at securing future supplies for the growing demand of rare earth elements and modern technologies. The Department of the Interior released its draft 2025 List of Critical Minerals, reinforcing the urgency of these initiatives for national security and emerging green industries. In the Rocky Mountain region, the U S Geological Survey released new resource assessments. The Phosphoria Total Petroleum System, stretching across southwestern Wyoming and northwestern Colorado, is now believed to hold approximately six hundred sixty-six billion cubic feet of natural gas and three million barrels of oil. The nearby Niobrara Formation may contain seven hundred three million barrels of oil and almost six trillion cubic feet of gas. These assessments have implications for regional energy planning and land use policy in the American West.

Further south, recent fieldwork in Arkansas highlighted the continued yield of naturally occurring diamonds at the Crater of Diamonds State Park. Geology.com showcased new finds and explained how these gems' shapes were gradually altered during their journey from deep within the Earth, offering insights into mantle processes and near-surface weathering. Meanwhile, Yellowstone National Park experienced subtle geological changes as a new thermal pool formed in the Porcelain Basin area of Norris Geyser Basin. The pool likely resulted from a series of mildly explosive events within the last year, as reported by the U S Geological Survey. While these changes are not unusual for Yellowstone's dynamic hydrothermal systems, they remain of close scientific interest given the park's volcanic history.

On the natural hazards front, seismic reports from the U S Geological Survey and Volcano Discovery noted a relatively quiet week for significant earthquakes in the United States. The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory confirmed that recent low-magnitude tremors on Hawaii’s Big Island did not impact ongoing eruptive activity or cause damage. Globally, moderate earthquakes were detected in the Coral Sea and the Vanuatu region but posed no tsunami threats and had little broader impact.

Internationally, the Colorado School of Mines in Golden, Colorado, hosted a major forum that brought together geologists, industry leaders, and policymakers to discuss resource sustainability and innovation, reflecting growing interest in securing supply chains for critical minerals. At the same time, global conferences from Berlin to Santiago explored topics including environmentally responsible mining practices, advances in digital geology, and geo-risk assessment, highlighting worldwide attention to geological challenges. The collective picture shows heightened domestic and international activity centered on mineral security, energy resources, and ongoing geological monitoring, set against a wider context of technological adaptation and earth science collaboration.

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Scientists are closely monitoring volcanic activity at Hawaii’s Kilauea volcano where the United States Geological Survey reports summit inflation continues and the likelihood for a new eruptive episode is growing. The latest signals include visible glow from the north and south vents, and gas pistoning cycles causing minor overflows from the crater, considered precursory signs ahead of full-scale lava fountaining. Models suggest that this eruptive sequence, known as episode thirty-three, could begin between September seventeenth and twentieth. The Uekahuna tiltmeter at the summit has recorded significant inflation since the previous eruption episode ended, indicating ongoing magma accumulation beneath the volcano. These observations come less than three weeks after episode thirty-two ended, which saw dramatic lava fountains up to five hundred feet high from the north vent according to the US Geological Survey. Activity at Kilauea remains at a “watch” alert level and aviation color code “orange.”

Turning to Alaska, the United States Geological Survey’s Alaska Volcano Observatory has issued updates for the Great Sitkin Volcano, where an eruption is still ongoing. The persistent activity at Great Sitkin has included lava effusion and low-level ash emissions, continuing to pose local aviation hazards and reflecting the highly dynamic volcanic landscape of the Aleutians.

Elsewhere in the United States, a new round of geologic hazard surveys is underway in the Northeast. The United States Geological Survey just launched low-level helicopter flights across Connecticut and Massachusetts to map bedrock geology and understand regional hazards, including the risks posed by the mineral pyrrhotite in local foundations. This study aims to aid infrastructure safety and inform building practices in pyrrhotite-risk regions.

Globally, anticipation is building within the geoscience community for the Sixth World Congress on Geology and Earth Science, scheduled for later this month in Berlin, Germany. The upcoming sessions will address a variety of emerging topics, including environmental geoscience, geohazards, geological risk assessment, and the use of artificial intelligence in mapping and hazard prediction. Presentations will highlight new methods for detecting fracture displacement in rocks, advances in remote sensing using uncrewed aircraft, and research linking mercury contamination in groundwater to oil and gas activities.

In the realm of discovery, new remote sensing work beneath Antarctica has revealed a previously unknown network of over three hundred massive submarine canyons sculpted by glaciers. Meanwhile, in the Canadian Yukon, geologists using satellite and drone technology have identified a dormant fault line, the Tintina fault, as a major earthquake risk after uncovering evidence of past seismic activity.

Overall, the past week’s news points to heightened volcanic monitoring in the United States, new efforts to assess geologic hazards affecting communities, and significant international research collaboration improving our understanding of both ancient and modern geologic processes.

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The past week has seen several significant developments in geology across the United States. According to the U.S. Geological Survey, intense volcanic activity continues at Kilauea in Hawaii. The most recent eruption episode, number thirty-two, ended abruptly on September second after more than thirteen hours of continuous lava fountaining. During this episode, lava covered nearly half the floor of Halemaumau crater. Scientists at the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory report that seismic and ground movement data indicate another episode of lava fountaining is likely to begin between September nineteenth and twenty-third, though this could be delayed if the underground magma pressure decreases. This ongoing series of episodic eruptions, which started in December twenty twenty-four, is closely monitored because of its unusual pattern and rapid fluctuations between inflation and deflation at the summit region. These events provide scientists with vital insights into how volcanic systems behave, recharge with magma, and eventually erupt.

Elsewhere in the United States, geologists have made an unexpected discovery beneath the Yellowstone supervolcano in Wyoming. Researchers from the Deep Wyoming Project reported a hidden layer beneath Yellowstone, detected as a seismic anomaly. This previously unknown reservoir sits below the main magma chamber and appears to contain a strange mix of partially molten rock and various minerals. According to the project update on September seventh, this feature could help explain unusual patterns in earthquake activity and gas emissions observed in the area over the past year. Understanding this subterranean structure may also improve eruption forecasting and long-term hazard assessment for the Yellowstone region.

In Colorado, the Colorado School of Mines is hosting an international summit on mining and resource geology from September twelfth to thirteenth. This event brings together exploration geologists, policymakers, and industry leaders to address challenges in securing stable mineral supply chains. Featured topics include advances in geological fieldwork, the impact of new mapping technologies, and how geology informs the search for critical minerals used in renewable energy and electronics.

Looking internationally, scientists report discovery of tiny diatoms—microscopic algae—beneath Arctic sea ice, revealing new ecological processes that challenge previous assumptions about life in extreme cold. In Europe, researchers have uncovered colossal geological formations under the North Sea, prompting fresh questions about historical tectonic activity and sediment transport in that region.

Back in the United States, researchers and policymakers alike are watching the evolving situation at both Kilauea and Yellowstone. Emerging patterns point to increasingly complex underground networks of magma and mineral reservoirs, which influence eruption risk, earthquake activity, and environmental impacts. These recent events highlight how rapidly advancing technology is reshaping the field of geology, enabling more detailed monitoring, better predictions, and a deeper understanding of how Earth’s dynamic systems operate.

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Geologists from the United States Geological Survey recently completed fieldwork at the summit of Kilauea Volcano in Hawaii, assessing the aftermath of the latest episode of lava fountaining. The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory reported significant changes to the caldera rim, with scientists closely monitoring new cracks and lava deposits for signs of future activity. This comes after a period of heightened eruptions, underlining the importance of ongoing research into Hawaii’s active volcanic systems according to the USGS.

In Yellowstone National Park, a new thermal pool was discovered in the Porcelain Basin area of Norris Geyser Basin. The United States Geological Survey noted that this feature likely emerged between late December 2024 and early February 2025, formed by explosive geothermal events that ejected silica mud and rocks. Measuring about thirteen feet across, this pool contributes to a pattern of increasing geothermal activity in the region, with old favorites like Old Faithful continuing to erupt regularly. Such phenomena are not only a tourist draw but also critical for understanding underlying tectonic and hydrothermal processes affecting the greater Yellowstone area, according to reports from Gizmodo and Geology.com.

Another headline in recent geology news is the ongoing shrinkage of the Great Salt Lake in Utah. As the lakebed dries, scientists have begun to observe hidden springs and mysterious reed-covered mounds fed by groundwater. These discoveries suggest complex interactions between surface water, groundwater, and climate, prompting renewed interest in monitoring the health of inland water systems. According to ScienceDaily, these changes may also impact the long-term geology and ecology of the region.

The Department of the Interior, working with the United States Geological Survey, has also released its draft 2025 List of Critical Minerals, outlining resources considered essential for national security and economic growth. The spotlight remains on rare earth elements, with Apple recently announcing a partnership with MP Materials, the operator of the Mountain Pass rare earth mine in California. This collaboration aims to boost the domestic supply chain for rare earth materials required for electronics and renewable energy technologies.

Globally, the scientific community has celebrated breakthroughs such as Cambridge researchers solving the mystery of how volcanic activity once spanned vast parts of the North Atlantic, with ancient plate scars spreading Iceland’s mantle plume. Meanwhile, environmental concerns continue to mount in places like Southern California, where toxic leaks from barrels dumped decades ago have transformed sections of the ocean floor into hazardous zones. These findings underscore a growing awareness of the long-term impacts of human activity and natural processes on geological environments.

With upcoming conferences like the Society of Economic Geologists meeting in Brisbane and major virtual events focused on geoethics, collaboration across borders is accelerating, promising further advances in the understanding of Earth’s dynamic systems and emerging geological risks.

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The United States has seen significant geological activity and developments over the past week, with the ongoing eruption at Kilauea volcano in Hawaii remaining a central event according to the US Geological Survey's Hawaiian Volcano Observatory. The most recent eruptive episode at Kilauea, known as episode thirty two, ended abruptly on the night of September second after over thirteen hours of continuous lava fountaining. This episode covered up to half the floor of the Halemaumau crater with fresh lava, particularly within the southern part of the Kilauea caldera. The eruption produced high levels of volcanic gases, including sulfur dioxide, which has generated visible volcanic smog, or vog, impacting air quality downwind and posing respiratory dangers—particularly for susceptible populations. The next eruptive episode is projected to occur no earlier than September fourteenth, possibly as late as the following week, and the summit region is under continuous watch with its current alert level set at "watch" and the aviation color code at orange, indicating heightened caution for air traffic. The affected area within Hawaii Volcanoes National Park remains closed to the public for safety as scientists continue to monitor for gas emissions, ground deformation, and ongoing seismicity.

Elsewhere in the United States, the US Geological Survey has released new assessments for oil and gas resources in structurally significant regions. Notably, the agency now estimates that the Phosphoria Total Petroleum System in southwest Wyoming and northwest Colorado holds about three million barrels of oil and over six hundred billion cubic feet of natural gas, while the nearby Niobrara Formation contains an even larger estimate of over seven hundred million barrels of oil and five point eight trillion cubic feet of gas. These assessments underscore the continued importance of geological studies in energy resource management and in shaping strategies for both exploration and environmental stewardship.

In geologic mapping initiatives, low-level helicopter flights have begun over northeast Idaho and northwest Montana to provide high-resolution magnetic and radiometric data, enabling scientists to improve geologic maps and better understand mineral potential and geologic hazards in those regions.

Globally, major geoscience conferences are shaping the discussion around resources and risk. The upcoming Mediterranean and North African Conference organized by the American Association of Petroleum Geologists and the European Association of Geoscientists and Engineers will be held later this month in Tunis, focusing on sustainable exploration and technological innovation across the region. Meanwhile, economic geology is taking center stage at the Society of Economic Geologists meeting in Brisbane, with a strong emphasis on sourcing minerals critical for the global energy transition.

These events and research efforts illustrate both the dynamic nature of Earth's geologic processes and the essential role geology plays in public safety, resource security, and global collaboration.

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