About 720 million people continued to experience hunger in 2024, and 2.6 billion people were unable to afford healthy diets. It is this reality that compelled the G20 Leaders' Declaration in Johannesburg to shine a spotlight on global food insecurity challenges correctly. Countries can explore many interventions to resolve this challenge, from improving agricultural productivity to easing trade. Listen to the podcast.

Various regions of South Africa have started receiving the 2025-26 summer rains. The rains will help ensure that the agricultural season begins on time and that we have excellent production conditions. The farmers are relatively optimistic, having suggested that they intend to plant 4.5 million hectares of summer grains and oilseeds, a 1% increase from the 2024-25 season. Importantly, the favourable rains also help improve the grazing veld for livestock, and are beneficial to the horticulture industry. Listen to the podcast for more.

The U.S. decision to modify its reciprocal tariffs and exempt some food products is a positive step towards easing agricultural trade friction, which is costly to both exporting countries and U.S. consumers. The exempted products include coffee and tea, fruit juices, cocoa, and spices, as well as avocados, bananas, coconuts, guavas, limes, oranges, mangoes, plantains, pineapples, various peppers and tomatoes, beef, and additional fertilisers. The U.S. government took this positive policy step in an effort to cushion U.S. consumers against higher prices resulting from the tariffs. In a way, this is a recognition that tariffs are a tax on consumers in importing countries, while also weighing on exporters. In our understanding, these products will no longer be covered under the Liberation Day Tariff levels, making access to the U.S. market much easier for various exporters. South Africa is an exporter of various agricultural products to the U.S., including citrus products, table grapes, macadamia nuts, wine, ostrich products, and ice cream, among others. It appears that oranges, macadamia nuts and fruit juices will benefit from the exemption.[1] The U.S. accounts for approximately 4% of South Africa’s agricultural exports, valued at U.S.$13.7 billion in 2024. In the second quarter of 2025, South African agricultural exporters took advantage of the temporary tariff pause and front-loaded their products. This resulted in a 26% year-over-year increase in South Africa’s agricultural exports to the U.S. in the second quarter, reaching U.S.$161 million. There remain concerns that going forward, the higher tariffs will weigh on agricultural product exports, particularly those not covered in these modified rates, such as table grapes, macadamia nuts, and wine, among others. South Africa is entering the table grape export season, and access to the U.S. market remains a challenge due to higher tariffs compared to South African competitors.

The Karoo region of South Africa experiences intense weather conditions, with often extremely hot summers and bitterly cold winters. It is these extreme weather conditions that nurture the distinct vegetation of the region, which is a source of feed for the sheep industry there. The Karoo lamb has a unique and supreme taste due to the distinct vegetation. But there are times when extreme heat and dryness can cause worries about the vegetation, and there were certainly areas where farmers were starting to rely on feed because of dryness. But I was delighted to hear from various farmers in recent days that some areas are starting to receive rains, which if it continues, will help boost the grazing veld. Another aspect of the Karoo region, which many South Africans have yet to explore, is agritourism. I discuss more in the podcast.

The African government must do everything possible to assist farmers during the 2025-26 production season. In the past, when confronted with disasters and food shortages, we had relied on organisations such as the World Food Programme for assistance. This time around, the World Food Programme is no longer fit to assist if we run into challenges. Hence, thinking about the future, we have to do whatever we can to help farmers get out into the fields and till the land, so they can have an ample or decent harvest in the upcoming season and ensure household food security in the near term. There are also long-term policy considerations for reforming our agriculture, which we must seriously reflect on. I discuss more in the podcast.

South Africa’s agriculture continues to create job opportunities, and its long-term job creation prospects remain positive. If we look at the high-frequency data for a moment, the number of farm jobs in South Africa has increased slightly from the second quarter of 2025, by 2% to 920k in the third quarter. We see the quarterly improvements mainly in some field crops, horticulture, forestry, and in the production of organic fertiliser. The increase in jobs reflects the optimism generated by the abundant harvest in these subsectors, which we have highlighted on numerous occasions. The one subsector that remains under pressure is the livestock industry, mainly due to the foot-and-mouth disease. Notably, the jobs of 920k are far above the long-term average level of 799k jobs, signalling that while the sector faces challenges such as animal diseases, wage pressures in some industries and inept municipal service deliveries, among other issues, the employment conditions remain at encouraging levels.

This is a busy period in South African farming. The summer crop farmers are tilling the land for the new season, table grape farmers are harvesting, and the winter crop farmers are harvesting. South Africa’s 2025-26 winter wheat season began at the start of October. But we are seeing that farmers have begun delivering the new season crop, which was planted from the start of May. In the first five weeks of this year, farmers have delivered about 425,190 tonnes of wheat to commercial silos. These are still early days, and the harvest is expected to gain momentum in the coming months. South Africa’s 2025-26 winter wheat harvest is forecast at 2.03 million tonnes, a 5% increase from the previous year. The annual improvement is boosted by the expected better harvest in the Northern Cape, Free State, Eastern Cape, and Limpopo. The Western Cape, which accounts for over half of South Africa’s winter wheat production, is expected to experience a mild decline in the harvest this year compared to the 2024-25 season due to unfavourable weather conditions in some parts of the province. A potential wheat harvest of 2.03 million tonnes implies that South Africa may need to import approximately 1.74 million tonnes in the 2025-26 season to meet our annual needs. These imports are expected to be down 5% from the 2024-25 season. The import activity is unlikely to pose a significant challenge, given the ample global wheat supplies available. Listen more to the linked audio.

We must dispel the false narrative that South Africa’s farming sector is under siege. This sector has flourished since the dawn of democracy in 1994. We have seen its value more than double, and exports are expanding. We are now the only African country in the top 40 global agricultural exporters. If there were indeed an attack on the farming sector, we wouldn’t be seeing such success. Another danger we must not underestimate is the negative image the false narratives create. We are an export-oriented farming sector, and therefore, we must protect the image of this sector in the world market. Listen to the podcast for more information. Richard Humphries and Sam Mkokeli produce this podcast.

South Africa's 2024-25 summer grain and oilseeds production season was excellent. In its 9th production estimate, released on October 28, 2025, the Crop Estimate Committee raised South Africa's 2024-25 production by 1% from the September estimate to 20.08 million tonnes. This figure comprises maize, soybean, sunflower seed, groundnuts, sorghum, and dry beans. The upward revision was mainly on maize, while other production estimates remained unchanged from the September figure. The current estimate for the 2024-25 summer grain and oilseed season is up 30% from the previous season. There is an annual uptick in all the crops, mainly supported by favourable summer rains and the decent area plantings. The base effects also help, as we struggled with a drought last year that weighed on the harvest. This ample crop will likely continue to put downward pressure on prices, which bodes well for a moderating path of consumer food price inflation. Listen to the podcast for more information. Richard Humphries and Sam Mkokeli produce this podcast.

We are in a period of relatively high activity in South Africa’s agriculture. Farmers across the country are tilling the land to mark the start of the 2025-26 summer crop season. We also see some activity in the vegetable fields as farmers prepare for the season ahead. The outlook is positive as we are in a La Niña period. There is also increased activity in the winter crop-growing regions of the country, with farmers beginning harvest of the 2025-26 crop, which was planted in May 2025. We may also soon see an uptick in the export activity of some fruits. Overall, the season for all these commodities is looking positive, promising better yields. Listen to the podcast for more information. Richard Humphries and Sam Mkokeli produce this podcast.

In the week of September 26 and October 3, 2025, Zimbabwe imported 34,093 tonnes of maize from South Africa. These imports are at a time when Zimbabwe has previously announced a ban on maize imports, an effort that was set to provide the local producers space to sell their produce to the domestic users. What then is happening here? Listen to the podcast for more information. Richard Humphries and Sam Mkokeli produce this podcast.

We are ending South Africa's 2024-25 summer grains and oilseed production season on an optimistic note. We now have eight production estimates with two more to follow, which are unlikely to change the positive picture we have. The data released at the end of September 2025 by the Crop Estimates Committee show an increase in South Africa's 2024-25 summer grains and oilseed harvest estimate, up by 2% from the August 2025 estimate to an expected 19.94 million tonnes (a 28% year-on-year increase). There is an annual uptick in all the crops, mainly supported by favourable summer rains and the decent area plantings. The base effects also help, as we struggled with a drought last year that weighed on the harvest. This ample crop will likely continue to put downward pressure on prices, which bodes well for a moderating path of consumer food price inflation. In a few weeks, the focus will be on the 2025-26 season, which also promises to be favourable, with prospects of La Niña rains. Listen to the podcast for more information. Richard Humphries and Sam Mkokeli produce this podcast.

Similar to the improvement in maize production witnessed in South Africa, Zambia, Zimbabwe, and other countries in the Southern African region, Kenya's maize crop has also shown signs of recovery. The latest estimate by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) places the country's harvest at 4.4 million tonnes. This is up 15% from the previous season due to both the expansion in area plantings and improved yields. Consequently, imports are expected to decline by 17% to 250,000 tonnes in the 2025-26 marketing year. The typical maize suppliers to Kenya in times of need include Tanzania and Uganda. It is likely that when domestic supplies have lessened, Kenya will still rely on these countries to supplement its domestic supplies. South African maize exporters are unlikely to participate in the Kenyan market due to the country's reduced annual maize needs and its long-standing ban on imports of genetically modified crops. Over 80% of South Africa's maize is genetically modified, which is typically used as a non-tariff barrier by various African countries. Still, South Africa's maize exports are likely to focus on the neighbouring SACU countries, including Zimbabwe, and the Far East markets in the coming months. The East African region is unlikely to be a primary focus for many domestic maize exporters. Listen to the podcast for more information. Richard Humphries and Sam Mkokeli produce this podcast.

We see a constructive picture of South Africa's food price inflation, easing at 5.2% in August 2025, from 5.5% in the previous months. South Africa has an abundant harvest of grains, fruits, and various vegetables, and the benefits of this are starting to show in prices. It is these products that were the major drivers of the moderation in price inflation. A key product that many are watching is meat, particularly beef (and red meat products), which has remained elevated, although slaughtering has resumed in major feedlots across the country. The issue is that South Africa is experiencing a foot and mouth disease outbreak. Initially, the panic buying, not necessarily a shortage of product, was the main driver of meat prices. This is when the country's largest feedlot announced the cases in its facility. This led to concerns about red meat supplies and some panic buying, thus pushing up prices. The slaughtering has now resumed in the major feedlots, although foot and mouth remains a profound challenge in the country. Listen to the podcast for more information. Richard Humphries and Sam Mkokeli produce this podcast.

Next month, October, we will start our 2025-26 summer grains and oilseed production season in South Africa. The outlook for the season looks optimistic with prospects of rain, which will benefit not only crops but the overall agricultural sector. Listen to the podcast for more information. Richard Humphries and Sam Mkokeli produce this podcast.

South Africa's agricultural sector is in its recovery phase, and the second quarter of 2025 figures signal the improvement, albeit mildly. The country's agricultural gross value added expanded by 2.5% quarter-on-quarter (seasonally adjusted) in the second quarter. This follows the 18.6% quarter-on-quarter in the first quarter of the year. The expansion was primarily due to the improved performance of certain field crops and the horticulture subsectors. As the close observers of the sector know, the quarterly data tend to be somewhat volatile, influenced by times of harvest and crop deliveries, amongst other factors. It is particularly such issues that the second-quarter growth figure was much softer compared to the start of the year. We experienced a delay in our summer grain harvest, with more momentum occurring at the start of the third quarter than is typically seen in the second quarter of the year. Indeed, we have ample summer grain and oilseeds, estimated at 19.55 million tonnes (up 26% year-on-year). But the season was late by roughly a month and a half because of the excessively prolonged summer rains, amongst other factors. We have also continued to struggle with the foot and mouth disease and a few avian influenza cases, particularly in the second quarter. It was at the end of the second quarter that the foot and mouth disease vaccines arrived in South Africa for the start of the vaccination campaign. But of course, not all crops were late. The citrus harvest season started in the second quarter, and we have an ample harvest. Farmers moved quickly to take advantage of the tariff pause window in the U.S., which allows for faster harvesting and adds to the general upside in the second quarter performance, although much softer than the start of the year. Listen to the podcast for more information. Richard Humphries and Sam Mkokeli produce this podcast.

One of the interlinked industries that tends to benefit when the agricultural sector is thriving is the agricultural machinery industry. This year is no different; South Africa's agricultural machinery sales have remained reasonably robust since the start of 2025. I suspect the sales are likely to continue at this encouraging pace. If we consider the details, the tractor sales have increased for the past eight consecutive months, while the combine harvester sales only cooled in the recent few months, having started on solid momentum. The recent data for August also paints a mixed picture. For example, the tractor sales are up 22% y/y, with 700 units sold. Meanwhile, the combine harvester sales were flat, with five units sold. The soft sales in combine harvester sales are not a significant concern given the higher volume of sales in the past few months. The increase in agricultural machinery sales primarily reflects the positive sentiment in the sector regarding the 2024-25 field crop, horticulture, and wine grape harvest, supported by the favourable weather conditions. The sentiment in the sector is also reasonably optimistic, with the Agbiz/IDC Agribusiness Confidence Index at 63 points in the third quarter, which is well above the 50-neutral mark. We expect South Africa's agricultural machinery to remain strong throughout the year. In addition to the better agricultural production conditions, the interest rates have eased somewhat from last year's levels. Also worth noting is that some farmers may continue with machinery replacement in the coming months, which ultimately supports the sales. Ultimately, the machinery industry is benefiting from the positive agricultural conditions in South Africa. Listen to the podcast for more information. Richard Humphries and Sam Mkokeli produce this podcast.

The Zimbabwean government has reinstated a ban on maize imports. The government believes that in the interim, there are sufficient supplies for the local market and wants to ensure maximum price realisation for the domestic producers before allowing imports. Nevertheless, it remains unclear if Zimbabwe has sufficient maize supplies for the year or will need imports later. Zimbabwe’s 2024-25 maize production is forecast at 1.3 million tonnes, according to recent data from the Pretoria-based unit of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). This is just more than twice the output from the previous season, which was a drought period. This recovery in Zimbabwe’s maize production is primarily driven by improved weather conditions and an increase in the area that farmers managed to plant for maize. If this production level materialises, then the ban may be temporary. Zimbabwe’s potential maize harvest of 1.3 million tonnes will not be sufficient to meet the country’s domestic needs of 2.0 million tonnes per annum, leaving it to import the balance. Listen to the podcast for more information. Richard Humphries and Sam Mkokeli produce this podcast.

After solid export activity in the first quarter of the year, South Africa's agricultural exports totalled US$3.71 billion in Q2, up 10% from the same period a year ago, according to data from Trade Map. This is again a function of both higher volumes of various product exports and better commodity prices. The products that dominated the exports list in the second quarter of the year were mainly citrus, apples and pears, maize, wine, nuts, fruit juices, dates, pineapples, avocados, grapes, and wool, amongst other products. While there remains a need for further improvement in the efficiency of the ports, there has been a material improvement compared to recent years. Agricultural export activity in the second quarter experienced less friction than in the recent past.. My writing on agricultural economic matters is available on my blog: https://wandile.substack.com/ Richard Humphries and Sam Mkokeli produce this podcast.

We continue to see more evidence that 2025 will likely be an uneven recovery for South Africa’s agriculture. The horticulture (fruits and vegetables), and field crops (grains, oilseeds and sugarcane) are experiencing excellent yield recovery, benefiting from better summer and winter rains. But the livestock and poultry industries face some constraints. The effects of these divergences are also clear in the jobs data for the sector, with the losses in the livestock industry. The major challenge in the livestock industry is animal disease, mainly the foot and mouth disease in cattle. We also see some risks in the sector broadly emanating from the fractured trade environment, particularly the exports to the US. We discuss all this in this episode of our podcast. Richard Humphries and Sam Mkokeli produce this podcast. *Wandile Sihlobo is chief economist of the Agricultural Business Chamber of South Africa